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Most real-life applications are built on top of the UDP and TCP transport protocols. UDP, which stands for User Datagram Protocol, provides the capability of delivering individual messages from one computer to another. However, these messages might be lost or can arrive out of order.
Why would someone want to use such a protocol? One example application might be video streaming, in which we don't care that much if a packet was lost, and if the video has kept playing, we're not going to go back and show an old frame which has arrived late. While UDP has its place for some speci?c applications, by far the most used transport protocol is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP provides a connection with reliable, in-order delivery of a
stream of bytes, so the application programmer doesn't have to worry very much about dropped packets, packets which arrive out of order, or the details of network message boundaries. Notice that maybe the most important feature provided by transport protocols is the possibility of performing process-to-process communication. This capability means that not only can we send messages from one machine to another, but from a speci?c process in the origin machine to a speci?c process in the destination machine. In addition to the IP addresses, we also use the port numbers, which are endpoint sub-addresses, visible to the application layer. If we think of IP addresses as analogous to "building numbers", we can interpret ports as analogous to "apartment numbers".
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance a) Necessary since wireless LANs cannot implement CSMA/CD b) Collision detection requires increased bandwidth requirements
Commands SMTP uses commands and response to transfer message between a client and a server. Each commands or reply is terminated by a two character ( carriage re
Q. What is Network Address? Network Address First address in the block, assigned to the organization Defines the network itself and cannot be assigned to a host
What are the key elements of protocols? The key elements of protocols are a. Syntax It refers to the structure or format of the data that is the order in which they a
Q. Describe Flow and Error Control Mechanisms? Flow and Error Control Mechanisms - Stop and Wait ARQ - Go-Back ARQ - Selective Repeat ARQ
Network Allocation Vector Timer which shows how much time must pass before a station is allowed to check the channel
Problem: (a) Explain how TCP handles connection-setup management. (b) Each host on the Internet is currently assigned an IP address 32 bits long (IPv4). IPv4 addresses are u
Q. What are the benefits of layered network? Ans: Basic benefits of layered network are given below: - Complex systems will be broken down into understandable subsystems.
Whenever it manage a packet, IP software requires to separate the receiver address into a suffix and prefix. Classful internet addresses are self-identifying because the class of t
Determine the command mode necessary to enter the extended ping command Ans) Router#
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