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Most real-life applications are built on top of the UDP and TCP transport protocols. UDP, which stands for User Datagram Protocol, provides the capability of delivering individual messages from one computer to another. However, these messages might be lost or can arrive out of order.
Why would someone want to use such a protocol? One example application might be video streaming, in which we don't care that much if a packet was lost, and if the video has kept playing, we're not going to go back and show an old frame which has arrived late. While UDP has its place for some speci?c applications, by far the most used transport protocol is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP provides a connection with reliable, in-order delivery of a
stream of bytes, so the application programmer doesn't have to worry very much about dropped packets, packets which arrive out of order, or the details of network message boundaries. Notice that maybe the most important feature provided by transport protocols is the possibility of performing process-to-process communication. This capability means that not only can we send messages from one machine to another, but from a speci?c process in the origin machine to a speci?c process in the destination machine. In addition to the IP addresses, we also use the port numbers, which are endpoint sub-addresses, visible to the application layer. If we think of IP addresses as analogous to "building numbers", we can interpret ports as analogous to "apartment numbers".
Network Devices a.Hub b.Repeater c.Bridge d.Gateway e.Switch f.Router Connecting devices can classified into networking and internetworking devices when
Most real-life applications are built on top of the UDP and TCP transport protocols. UDP, which stands for User Datagram Protocol, provides the capability of delivering individual
Q. Show the Application Layer Responsibilities? - Make possible user access to the network - User interfaces as well as support for services such as E-Mail File
Security Security is the protection of hardware software and data from unauthorized access. Restricted physical access to computer password protection limiting user priv
What is a LAN? LAN stands for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection among computers and other network devices that are located within a small physical location.
Issues with Bridges Connecting Different LANs - Frame format - differences in frame structure, fields used (example Ethernet to Token Ring) - Payload size - size of data en
State in brief about the Graceful degradation With FDMA or TDMA, a fixed number of users can concurrently access the system. Though, with CDMA, as more user concurrently access
Identify the purpose of the TCP three step handshakes Ans) The three step handshake establishes the parameters needed for a TCP connection. During the handshake process series n
Q. Show Nonreturn to Zero encoding? - Value of signal is for all time positive or negative - NRZ-L Signal level depends on bit represented; positive typically means 0
ACK Received If an ACK is received by the sender. The SR sender marks that packet as having been received by the receiver.
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