Unprecedental clarity has come to our understanding of genetic differences by the analysis of DNA sequences. It is not surprising in which the latest DNA technologies are leading to a resurgence of interest in population genetics. In this evaluation, we discuss present progress and future directions by reconstructing the history of human populations. There is raising consensus on a recent Out of Africa origin of modern humans that explain why the greatest fraction of genetic diversity is found within populations, rather than between them. The comparison of Y mitochondrial and chromosome DNA data represents remarkable sex variations in geographic difference. The analysis of Neanderthal DNA has been a main get through in the learning of fossil DNA. Among main hopes for the future is application to polygenic diseases.