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SQL outer join
SELECT *
FROM IS_CALLED NATURAL LEFT JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON
Note that adding LEFT to an invocation of CROSS JOIN has no effect unless the right-hand operand table is empty. As outer joins in general denote tables that are not counterparts of relations.
Using EXCEPTION_INIT To handle unnamed internal exceptions, you should use the OTHERS handler or the pragma EXCEPTION_INIT. The pragma is a compiler directive that can be th
Controlling Cursor Variables You use 3 statements to control the cursor variable: OPEN-FOR, FETCH, & CLOSE. At First, you OPEN a cursor variable FOR a multi-row query. Then, y
UNION and OR - SQL SQL supports UNION explicitly but differently from the way it supports JOIN explicitly. As we have seen, JOIN is used exclusively within the FROM clause, su
DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows
Inner Join We have learned how to retrieve data from one table by using SELECT statement. But, as we have learned, normalized relational databases mean the data is spread betw
Definition of FROM - SQL Recall that the operand of FROM is denoted by a commalist, each element of that commalist being a table expression optionally accompanied by a range v
Controlling Autonomous Transactions The first SQL statement in an autonomous routine starts a transaction. Whenever one transaction ends, the next SQL statement starts the oth
Example of Null operator - NiNo Rule If we wanted to make HIGHER_OF adhere to "NULL in, NULL out"-let's call it the NiNo rule-we would have to write something like what is sho
ORIGIN OF EARTH - BIG-BAN G HYPOTHESIS - Origin of life is linked to origin of earth. Cosmos, the Universe originated 10-20 billion years ago by Big Bang (thermonu
Table Represents an Extension - SQL It describes how each tuple in a relation represents a true instantiation of some predicate and each true instantiation is represented by s
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