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Sodium iodide crystal (NaI)
It scintillate with good efficiency when gamma ray is absorbed, these crystals where attached directly to the PTM to detect a weak flashes of light .They where improved by adding a trace amounts of thallium(Tl)and often referred as NaI(Tl) detector. It is the most widely used detector in medicine .A nuclear medicine scintillation detector system
1-Scince the NaI(Tl)detector is very sensitive ,it has to be well shielded from background radiation .2- five or more cm of lead surrounding the NaI(Tl)crystal except at the collimator .3-The electron emitted at the photocathode of PTM produce an electrical pulse at the output .4-this pulse is electronically amplified at the amplifier. 5-The pulse can be directly counted by the scalar.6-The pulse pass to the single channel pulse height analyzer(PHA) to determine the energy of the gamma raysIt contain an upper discriminator (it rejects the pulses larger than a chosen size)
lower discriminator ( reject the pulses smaller than a chosen size)
window(it is the energy difference between the upper and lower limits )
Multi Chanel analyzer (MCA): it determine the pulse height distribution of all the pulses from the detector ,so it sorts the pulses according to the size.
Sound waves are being used to determine the depth of a freshwater lake, as shown in the figure below. If the water is 25°C and it takes 1.2 s for the echo to return to the sens
It takes 46.0 J to raise the temperature of an 10.1 g piece of unknown substance from 13.0 o Cto 40.1 o C. What is the specific heat for the substance?
Q. Define: Q- factor. The Q factor of a series resonant circuit is described as the ratio of the voltage across a coil or capacitor to the applied voltage. That is Q = voltag
Alloying: When an impurity atom of a different size compared to the host atom is placed into the crystal lattice, the impurity atom distorts the resin around it, either by pushing
define the coefficient of friction
who invented this?
Two resistors, of resistance 3 and 6, are connected in parallel across a battery having a voltage of 12V. Determine (a) The total circuit resistance and (b) The current ?
Q. Give three applications of photoelectric cells. (i) Photoelectric cells are utilized for reproducing sound in cinematography. (ii) They are utilized for controlling the
It is a highly doped p-n junction which is not smashed by high reverse current. The breakdown voltage is made very sharp. In the forward bias, the zener diode do as ordinary diode.
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