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Sodium iodide crystal (NaI)
It scintillate with good efficiency when gamma ray is absorbed, these crystals where attached directly to the PTM to detect a weak flashes of light .They where improved by adding a trace amounts of thallium(Tl)and often referred as NaI(Tl) detector. It is the most widely used detector in medicine .A nuclear medicine scintillation detector system
1-Scince the NaI(Tl)detector is very sensitive ,it has to be well shielded from background radiation .2- five or more cm of lead surrounding the NaI(Tl)crystal except at the collimator .3-The electron emitted at the photocathode of PTM produce an electrical pulse at the output .4-this pulse is electronically amplified at the amplifier. 5-The pulse can be directly counted by the scalar.6-The pulse pass to the single channel pulse height analyzer(PHA) to determine the energy of the gamma raysIt contain an upper discriminator (it rejects the pulses larger than a chosen size)
lower discriminator ( reject the pulses smaller than a chosen size)
window(it is the energy difference between the upper and lower limits )
Multi Chanel analyzer (MCA): it determine the pulse height distribution of all the pulses from the detector ,so it sorts the pulses according to the size.
It is the property of a material by virtue of which it allows itself to be magnetized. Permeability varies from material to material depending upon the saturation and temperature.
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principle of deflection magnometer
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A battleship concurrently ?res two shells at enemy ships along the trajectories shown. One ship (A) is close by; the other ship (B) is far away. Which ship gets hit ?rst?
Radio Waves: Radio waves are electromagnetic waves with large range of wavelength from a few millimetres to many meters.
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Consider a person having mass M and holding two balls every of mass m is at rest over a frictionless surface. Now the person throws one ball towards right direction with velocity "
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