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Q. Segmentally lined and Sprayed Concrete Linings tunnels?
The fundamental difference between segmentally lined tunnels and SCL tunnels is that the sprayed concrete in SCL tunnel is employed for temporary linings only. Concrete linings in segmentally lined tunnels are designed with long-term load conditions with adoption of appropriate safety factors. Though the dimension of linings in SCL tunnels is derived from a balance between safety of lining and cost consideration.
The quality of precast concrete linings can be better controlled in precasting yards. It is obviously better than that of sprayed concrete which depends on site workmanship.
the behaviour of structural materials
Determine the Limit State of Serviceability Cracking Cracking of concrete should not affect the appearance or durability of the structure. The criteria of limit state of cracki
The Figure 1 below shows a section through a stairway for a garage in a new proposed dwelling. The stairway is 3 meters wide with 300 mm wide treads(7 treads) and 170 mm high riser
how to design
Material of steel tendons The material of steel tendons also must be of a high strength. Tendons should possess required material and geometrical properties so that a desired
What is the minimum radius, R min , that can be used on a horizontal curve with a 70 mph design speed, a maximum superelevation, e max = 8%, and a side friction factor, f = 0.10?
Explain the Design Criteria Sedimentation basin Surface Loading rate (or overflow rate), Vo = Q/A (flow rate/surface area) Detention time t or ? = V/Q (Volume /Flow rate)
Explain the Dupuit Equations for Unconfined Aquifers Using natural log: Q = ΠK((h 2 ) 2 - (h 1 ) 2 )/ln(r 2 /r 1 ) Using log 10 : Q = K((h 2 ) 2 - (h 1 ) 2 )/((1055)l
Q.What Hydrographic data required for Design of bridge? (i) Design discharge for bridge waterway and foundation with corresponding high flood levels. Frequency curve for annual
Tube levels explains
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