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RICS/CISC Architecture
An essential aspect of computer architecture is the design of the instruction set for the processor. The instruction set selected for a specific computer determine the way that machine language programs are constructed. Early computers had simple and small instruction sets, forced basically by the have to minimize the hardware used to implement them. With the advent of integrated circuits as digital hardware became cheaper and computer instructions tend to increase both in complexity and number. Many computers contain instruction sets that include more than hundred and sometimes even more than 200 instructions. These computers also employ a variety of data types and a large number of addressing modes. The trend for computer hardware complexity was influenced by several factors, such as upgrading existing models to provide more customer applications, adding instructions that facilitate the translation from high-level language into machine language programs and striving to develop machines that move functions from implementation of software into hardware . A computer with number of instructions is classified as a Complex Instruction Set Computer and abbreviated CISC.
In the early 1980s, a number of computer designers recommended that computers use fewer instructions with easy constructs so they may be executed much faster within the CPU without having to use memory as frequently. This type of computer is classified as a Reduced Instruction Set Computer or RISC.
program to find negative and positive integers from given signed numbers with output and explanation of every instructions.
CMP: Compare: - This instruction compares the source operand, which can be a register or memory location an immediate data with a destination operand that might be a register or a
CISC Characteristics : The design of an instruction set for a computer might take into consideration not only machine language constraints, but also the requirements i
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Flowchart for the sequence of 8251 Whether the control, mode or sync character register is selected depends on the accessing sequence. A flowchart of the sequencing is given i
Assembler Directives and Operators The major advantage of machine language programming is directly that the memory control is in the hands of the programmer, so that, he can be
The addressing modes for the sequential control transfer instructions are described below: 1. Immediate: Immediate data is a part of instruction,in this type of addressin
Program is written but has errors returning values from the procedure.
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• To develop an assembly language program to control a "simulated" intelligent domestic lighting system with the intention of deterring burglary. • To produce a schematic circuit d
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