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Reserves and surplus or retained earnings usually occur out of profitable operations. This is a surplus not distributed through the firm as dividends. Conversely, these are profits that are to be retained inside the business. While a firm starts its operations this has no retained earnings. If in the first year this earns say Rs. 10,000 profit and chooses to distribute Rs. 5,000 like dividends, the reserves and surplus at the end of the year will be Rs. 5,000. Throughout its second year of operation if the firm forms a loss of Rs. 3,000 after that the retained earnings at the ending of the year will be Rs. 2,000. Retained reserves or earnings and surplus are in the nature of earned capital for the firm. We have seen previous that the dividends are restricted to retained earnings. It implies that at no point in time the original capital of the firm can be dispersed as dividend. Conversely, the capital originally contributed is to be kept intact.
This is possible to assign profits earned and accumulated like or reserves earnings to be earmarked for exact purposes. The earmarked retained are not distributed. Merely non-earmarked or free reserves are accessible for distribution as dividends.
Direct Labour Rate Variance It is the difference among the actual direct labour rate and the standard direct labour rate for the total hours worked. Utilizing an equation,
Ed Mettway was concerned about his firm''s ability to acquire the necessary property, plant, and equipment to take advantage of steadily increasing sales. Touring Enterprises, esta
using relevant examples discuss the meaning and scope of cost accounting
Typical Causes of Material Variances Price Variances a) Paying lower or higher prices than planned. b) Losing or gaining quantity discounts via buying in large
what are the legal distinctions between a business combination, a merger, and a consolidation.
process costing new practices
exercise solution
Match the items below by entering the appropriate code letter A. Controller B. Deficit C. Payout Ratio D. Stock Dividend E. Declaration Date F. Preemptive right G. Par Value H. L
Frame-it Ltd is a manufacturer of metal picture frames. The firm's two product lines are designate S (small frames: 12 x18 cm) and L (large frames: 20 x 25 cm). The primary raw mat
The level of activity at which total revenues eqivalent total costs. A point at which there is no profit and no loss.
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