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Product-specific Packages
The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illustration, the Oracle is supplied with a lot of utility packages, a few of that are highlighted below.
DBMS_STANDARD
The Package DBMS_STANDARD gives language facilities which help your application interact with the Oracle. For illustration, the procedure raise_application_error issue a user-defined error messages. In that way, you can report the errors to an application and evade returning the unhandled exceptions.
DBMS_ALERT
The Package DBMS_ALERT use the database triggers to alert an application when the definite database values change. The alerts are asynchronous (i.e., they operate separately of any timing mechanism) and transaction based. For illustration, a company may use this package to update the value of its investment portfolio as the new stock and bond quotes arrive.
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
Product-specific Packages The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illu
This is a Customer Management project. Customer data is presented in a text file. The program will load this text data into its DB columns. The data mapping is user definable. User
SQL Functions The PL/SQL uses all the SQL functions involving the following aggregate functions that summarize the whole columns of the Oracle data: GROUPING, AVG, COUNT, STDDE
Identifiers You use identifiers to name the PL/SQL program items and units that include constants, variables, cursors, exceptions, cursor variables, subprograms, and packages.
Tables within a Table - SQL Figure here is an exact copy of the one in the theory book and as before it is just an alternative way of representing some of the information con
Data Types in SQL - Decimal DECIMAL, NUMERIC, REAL, FLOAT and various other terms for various sets of rational numbers. When these key words are specified for the declared typ
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Disjunction (OR, ∨) Again we have nine rows instead of just four and again, when unknown is not involved, the rows are as for 2VL. Also, when anything is paired with true, t
Question: (a) The objective of query optimization is to choose the most efficient strategy for implementing a given relational query, thereby improving the system performance. On
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