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Use Object Types and Collections
The Collection types and object types increase your efficiency by allowing for the realistic data modeling. The Complex real-world entities and relationships map directly into the object types. A well-constructed object model can improve the application performance by eliminating the table joins, decreasing the round trips, and the same.
The Client programs, involving the PL/SQL programs, can declare the objects and collections, and pass them as parameters, store them in the database, recover them, and so on. Also, by encapsulating the operations with data, the object types move data-maintenance code out of the SQL scripts and PL/SQL blocks into methods.
The Objects and collections are well-organized to store and retrieve as they can be manipulated as an entire. The object support is also integrated architecturally with the database; therefore it can take benefit of the many scalability and performance improvements built into Oracle8i.
Package STANDARD package named STANDARD defines the PL/SQL atmosphere. The package specification globally declares the exceptions, types, and subprograms that are available a
Left and Right Joins LEFT OUTER JOIN can be used when you want to retrieve the data from the main table (table1) even if there is no match in other tables (table_2, table_3...
Controlling Autonomous Transactions The first SQL statement in an autonomous routine starts a transaction. Whenever one transaction ends, the next SQL statement starts the oth
Built-In Functions The PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below: error r
1.( /5 marks) Suppose that a B+-tree index with the search key (dept_name, building) is available on relation department. What would be the best way to handle the following selecti
Methods: In normal, a method is a subprogram declared in an object type specification using the keyword MEMBER or STATIC. The method cannot have similar name as the object typ
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Expressions An expression is a randomly complex combination of the constants, variables, literals, operators, & function calls. The simplest expression is the single variabl
Using DEFAULT You can use the keyword DEFAULT rather than that of the assignment operator to initialize the variables. For e.g. the declaration blood_type CHAR := ’O’; it can b
Example of Table Literal - SQL Example: A Table Literal (correct version) VALUES ('S1', 'C1', 'Anne'), ('S1', 'C2', 'Anne'), ('S2', 'C1', 'Boris'), ('S3', 'C3'
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