Normal distribution, Advanced Statistics

Assignment Help:

Your first task is to realize two additional data generation functions. Firstly, extend the system to generate random integral numbers based on normal distribution. You need to study Data Generator's structure and extend number generation type to activate normal distribution. The interface needs to obtain both mean and sigma as shown in Figure 1. Consider the code found here which is reproduced below for your convenience:
function gauss() {
// N(0,1)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=0
// std dev=1

// auxiliary vars
$x=random_0_1();
$y=random_0_1();
// two independent variables with normal distribution N(0,1)
$u=sqrt(-2*log($x))*cos(2*pi()*$y);
$v=sqrt(-2*log($x))*sin(2*pi()*$y);
// i will return only one, couse only one needed
return $u;
}
function gauss_ms($m=0.0,$s=1.0) {
// N(m,s)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=m
// std dev=s
return gauss()*$s+$m;
}
function random_0_1() {
// auxiliary function
// returns random number with flat distribution from 0 to 1
return (float)rand()/(float)getrandmax();
}
Notice that the return value of the above code is a floating value. You can round it to nearest integer by adding a "rounding option" to the interface.

773_normal distribution.png

Figure: Functions added to Data Generator

Next, realize one form of skewed distribution that approximates Pareto Principle. Consider a skewed access pattern often evidenced in data applications such that s percent of accesses would go to (100 - s) percent of data items. For instance, a typical "80-20 rule" for 1000 accesses over 500 data items means that about 800 accesses (80% of accesses) go to a specific set of about 100 items (20% of data items). In our case, data generation should be based on independent repeated trials, not as all trials once in a batch. Therefore, implementing strict Pareto Principle is difficult. Instead, we can approximate access pattern generation by the following method:

• skew generation function receives a range r and a skew factor s as parameter, both of which are integers and r must be larger 1 while s must be between 50 and 100.

• data elements are considered to have unique IDs in the range [1, r], in which elements are listed in an increasing order of IDs such as 1, 2, 3, ..., r.

• skew generation function produces an integer value between 1 and r representing a data access in the following manner:

1. skewed access will go to the top portion of the elements, that is, those between 1 and t = r × (100 - s) / 100.

2. draw a random number p from uniform distribution between 0 and 99.

3. if p falls in less than s, i.e., [0, s - 1], the top portion of elements [1, t] is accessed.

4. otherwise the access goes to [t + 1, r].

Above illustration should be sufficient to provide you with the concrete requirement for the two frequently utilized data generation. Figure 1 and 2 shows interface and sample output respectively. In these figures, rounding to integer is applied automatically. A checkbox should be added to the interface so that users can choose whether values generated are rounded or not. Notice that this development is not from scratch, but is "reverse engineering" of already developed product. Addition of the above functions to Data Generator is easily done. You should look into the contents of docs/data_types.php.

2439_normal distribution1.png

Figure: Generated data example


Related Discussions:- Normal distribution

Weighted least squares, Weighted least squares  is the method of estimation...

Weighted least squares  is the method of estimation in which the estimates arise from minimizing the weighted sum of squares of the differences between response variable and its pr

Traditional linear model, What is a Generalized Linear Model? A traditional...

What is a Generalized Linear Model? A traditional linear model is of the form where Yi is the response variable for the ith observation, xi is a column vector of explanator

Maximum likelihood estimation, Maximum likelihood estimation is an estimat...

Maximum likelihood estimation is an estimation procedure involving maximization of the likelihood or the log-likelihood with respect to the parameters. Such type of estimators is

F-test, A test for equality of the variances of the two populations having ...

A test for equality of the variances of the two populations having normal distributions, based on the ratio of the variances of the sample of observations taken from each. Most fre

Link functions, Link functions: The link function relates the linear p...

Link functions: The link function relates the linear predictor ηi to the expected value of the data. In classical linear models the mean and the linear predictor are identical

Business Statistic HW., Hello , I have a business statistic HW that is due ...

Hello , I have a business statistic HW that is due after 23 hours exactly for now . I need full and details answers please , plus they must be in a done and typed in a word or exce

Explain longitudinal data, Longitudinal data : The data arising when each o...

Longitudinal data : The data arising when each of the number of subjects or patients give rise to the vector of measurements representing same variable observed at the number of di

Continuous variable, Continuous variable : The measurement which is not res...

Continuous variable : The measurement which is not restricted to the particular values except in so far as this is constrained by the accuracy of measuring instrument. General exam

Obuchowski and rockette method, Obuchowski and Rockette method  is an alter...

Obuchowski and Rockette method  is an alternative to the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz technique for analyzing multiple reader receiver operating curve data. Instead of the modelling the ja

1, In a mathematics examination the average grade was 82 and the standard d...

In a mathematics examination the average grade was 82 and the standard deviation was 5. all students with grade from 88 to 94 received grade of B. if the grade are approximately no

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd