Normal distribution, Advanced Statistics

Assignment Help:

Your first task is to realize two additional data generation functions. Firstly, extend the system to generate random integral numbers based on normal distribution. You need to study Data Generator's structure and extend number generation type to activate normal distribution. The interface needs to obtain both mean and sigma as shown in Figure 1. Consider the code found here which is reproduced below for your convenience:
function gauss() {
// N(0,1)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=0
// std dev=1

// auxiliary vars
$x=random_0_1();
$y=random_0_1();
// two independent variables with normal distribution N(0,1)
$u=sqrt(-2*log($x))*cos(2*pi()*$y);
$v=sqrt(-2*log($x))*sin(2*pi()*$y);
// i will return only one, couse only one needed
return $u;
}
function gauss_ms($m=0.0,$s=1.0) {
// N(m,s)
// returns random number with normal distribution:
// mean=m
// std dev=s
return gauss()*$s+$m;
}
function random_0_1() {
// auxiliary function
// returns random number with flat distribution from 0 to 1
return (float)rand()/(float)getrandmax();
}
Notice that the return value of the above code is a floating value. You can round it to nearest integer by adding a "rounding option" to the interface.

773_normal distribution.png

Figure: Functions added to Data Generator

Next, realize one form of skewed distribution that approximates Pareto Principle. Consider a skewed access pattern often evidenced in data applications such that s percent of accesses would go to (100 - s) percent of data items. For instance, a typical "80-20 rule" for 1000 accesses over 500 data items means that about 800 accesses (80% of accesses) go to a specific set of about 100 items (20% of data items). In our case, data generation should be based on independent repeated trials, not as all trials once in a batch. Therefore, implementing strict Pareto Principle is difficult. Instead, we can approximate access pattern generation by the following method:

• skew generation function receives a range r and a skew factor s as parameter, both of which are integers and r must be larger 1 while s must be between 50 and 100.

• data elements are considered to have unique IDs in the range [1, r], in which elements are listed in an increasing order of IDs such as 1, 2, 3, ..., r.

• skew generation function produces an integer value between 1 and r representing a data access in the following manner:

1. skewed access will go to the top portion of the elements, that is, those between 1 and t = r × (100 - s) / 100.

2. draw a random number p from uniform distribution between 0 and 99.

3. if p falls in less than s, i.e., [0, s - 1], the top portion of elements [1, t] is accessed.

4. otherwise the access goes to [t + 1, r].

Above illustration should be sufficient to provide you with the concrete requirement for the two frequently utilized data generation. Figure 1 and 2 shows interface and sample output respectively. In these figures, rounding to integer is applied automatically. A checkbox should be added to the interface so that users can choose whether values generated are rounded or not. Notice that this development is not from scratch, but is "reverse engineering" of already developed product. Addition of the above functions to Data Generator is easily done. You should look into the contents of docs/data_types.php.

2439_normal distribution1.png

Figure: Generated data example


Related Discussions:- Normal distribution

Quittingill effect, Quittingill effect is a  problem which occurs most fre...

Quittingill effect is a  problem which occurs most frequently in studies of the smoker cessation where smokers frequently quit smoking following the onset of the disease symptoms

Factor scores, The values assigned to factors for the individual sample uni...

The values assigned to factors for the individual sample units in a factor analysis. The most common approach is "regression method". When the factors are seen as the random variab

Linearity - reasons for screening data, Linearity - Reasons for Screening D...

Linearity - Reasons for Screening Data Many of the technics of standard statistical analysis are based on the assumption that the relationship, if any, between variables is li

Population averaged models, Population averaged models are the models for ...

Population averaged models are the models for kind of clustered data in which the marginal expectation of response variable is the main focus of interest. An alternative approach

Sequencing problem, 2 jobs n machines,graphical method,how to determine wh...

2 jobs n machines,graphical method,how to determine which job should proceed first on each machine

Graph theory, Why Graph theory? It is the branch of mathematics concerned w...

Why Graph theory? It is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of sets of points (vertices or nodes) some of which are connected by the lines known as the edges. A

Multitrait multi method model (mtmm), Multitrait multi method model (MTMM) ...

Multitrait multi method model (MTMM) is the form of confirmatory factor analysis model in which the different techniques of measurement are used to measure each of the latent vari

Breusch-pagan test, The Null Hypothesis - H0:  There is no heteroscedastici...

The Null Hypothesis - H0:  There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1:  There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if Q = ESS/2  >

Generalized method of moments (gmm), Generalized method of moments (gmm) is...

Generalized method of moments (gmm) is the estimation method popular in econometrics which generalizes the method of the moments estimator. Essentially same as what is known as the

Partial autocorrelation function, The graph for Partial Autocorrelation Fun...

The graph for Partial Autocorrelation Function for RES1 shows that there is no autocorrelation even though there are alternating spikes because they fall inside the 5% significance

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd