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With software algorithms for mutual exclusion, such as Dekker's algorithm, Peterson's algorithm, or Lamport's bakery algorithm, note that optimizing compilers and out-of-order execution by processors could invalidate most of these algorithms because such "optimization" does not take into account that the value of a shared variable can be changed by something other than the immediately evident code. This overly-simplistic characterization also happens with I/O devices, especially simple programmed I/O where data or control register contents changes as a result of the state of the device, not as a consequence of execution of processor instructions, as well as with clocks where the current time register changes continually. It also happens when DMA is used to input blocks of data, which is slightly more complex because the addresses whose value changes are not evident literally. What does this imply about device drivers?
Q. Explain some of the ways an application can use memory via the Win32 API. Answer: (1) Virtual memory offers several functions that allow an application to reserve and rele
Q. Likewise some systems support many types of structures for a file's data while others simply support a stream of bytes. What are the merits in addition to demerits? Answer:
What problems arise if the directory structure is a general graph? Searching for a particular file may result in searching the similar directory many times. Deletion of the fil
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What are the disadvantages of linked allocation? The drawbacks are a. Used only for sequential access of files. b. Direct access is not supported c. Memory space neede
Banker's Algorithm In this analogy Customers ≡ processes Units ≡ resources, say, tape drive Ba
Q. Polling for an I/O completion is able to waste a large number of CPU cycles if the processor iterates a busy-waiting loop several times before the I/O completes. However if the
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