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Memory Address Decoding
Binary Decoders - Decoders have 2n-inputs and n outputs, each input combination results in a single output line contain a 1, and all other lines contain a 0 on the output. Examples of use are decoding memory addresses and CPU instructions.Typically Decoders have an enable when 1 enables decoding the input to 1 on a single output, when not enabled all outputs are zero. The switching function for an enabled 2-input binary decoder is:
The 2 to 4 decoder representation is:
Memory Address Decoding - Figure indicate a 16K by 1 bit word memory (8 bit words are implemented by selecting 8 bits as a group, for instance). Since 214 is about 16K, a single decoder would require 14 inputs and 214 output
The memory decoder is linked to the CPU by the address bus. Each memory cell is linked to an output and input data bus, a write/read control, and the decoder which enables the memory cell when the suitable address appears. The decoder ensures that just a single memory cell is activated at a time for either output or input.
LODS : Load String Byte or String Word:- The LODS instruction loads AL/AX register by the content of a string pointed to by DS:SI register pair. The SI is automatically modifie
Entering a Program In this section, we will explain the procedure for entering a small program on IBM PC with DOS operating system. Assume a program of addition of 2 bytes, as
1. Write an assembly program that adds the elements in the odd indices of the following array. Use LOOP. What is the final value in the register? array1 DWORD 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 6
program to find negative and positive integers from given signed numbers with output and explanation of every instructions.
END : END of Program:- The END directive marks the ending of the assembly language program. When the assembler comes across this END directive, it avoided the source lines avai
General terms for Cache : Cache Hits : When the cache consisted the information requested, the transaction is said to be a cache hit. Cache Miss : When the cache does n
External System Bus Architecture : This is a 16 bit processor with 40 pins. It has twenty address pins and out of which sixteen are utilized as data pins. This concept of by us
how to code
Write Policy A write policy determines how the cache deals with a write cycle. The 2 common write policies areWrite-Throughand Write-Back. In Write-Back policy, the cache behav
Read Architecture: Look Through Main memory that located is conflicting the system interface. The least concerning feature of this cache unit is that it remain between the proc
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