Q. The model of an elemental length of a lossy transmission line is shown in Figure

(a), along with its parameters, where R is series resistance per unit length, L is series inductance per unit length, G is shunt conductance per unit length, and C is shunt capacitance per unit length.

The characteristic impedance ¯ Z0 of the line is given by

where α is the attenuation constant (nepers per unit length) and β is the phase constant (radians per unit length). The ac steady-state solution for the uniform line reveals the voltage on a matched line ( ¯ ZL = ¯ Z0) to be ¯ E(x) = ¯ ES e-¯ γx= ¯ ES e-αx e-jβx , where ¯ ES is the sending-end voltage and x is distance along the line from the sending end.