Log based recovery, Database Management System

Assignment Help:

Log based recovery:Let us first describe the term transaction log in the context of DBMS. A transaction log is a record in DBMS that remains track of all the transactions of a database system that update any data values in the database. A log haves the following information about a transaction:

  • A transaction start marker
  • The transaction identification: The transaction id, user id or terminal id etc.
  • The operations being performed by the transaction such as delete, update, insert.
  • The objects or data items that are affected by the transaction as well as name of the table, row number and column number.
  • The previous or before values (also known as UNDO values) and changed or after values (also called REDO values) of the data items that have been updated.
  • A pointer to the next transaction log record, if required.
  • The COMMIT marker of the transaction.

In a database system various transactions run simultaneously. When a transaction commits, the data buffers used by it require not be written back to the physical database stored on the secondary storage as these buffers may be used by various other transactions that have not yet committed.  On the other hand, some of the data buffers that may have updates by various uncommitted transactions may be forced back to the physical database, as they is no longer being used by the database.  So the transaction log helps in remembering which transaction did which alters.  Therefore the system knows exactly how to divide the changes made by transactions that have already committed from those alters that is made by the transactions that did not yet commit.  Any operation such as start transaction, insert /delete/update and end transaction (commit), adds information to the log having the transaction identifier and enough information to redo or undo the changes.

But how do we recover using log? Let us show this with the help of an example having three concurrent transactions that are active on ACCOUNTS table as:

 

Transaction T1

Transaction T2

Transaction T3

Read X

Read A

Read Z

Subtract 100

Add 200

Subtract 500

Write X

Write A

Write Z

Read Y

 

Add 100

Write Y

                                                Figure: The sample transactions

Suppose that these transactions have the following log file (hypothetical) at a point:

Transaction Begin Marker

Transaction

Id

Operation on ACCOUNTS table

UNDO values (assumed)

REDO

values

Transaction Commit Marker

Y

T1

Sub on X Add on Y

500

800

400

Not done yet

N

Y

T2

Add on A

1000

1200

N

Y

T3

Sub on Z

900

400

Y

                                 Figure: A sample (hypothetical) Transaction log

Now suppose at this point of time a failure occurs, then how the recovery of the database will be completed on restart.

Values

Initial

Just before the failure

Operation

Required for recovery

Recovered Database Values

X

500

400 (assuming update has been done in physical database also)

UNDO

500

Y

800

800

UNDO

800

A

1000

1000 (assuming update has not been done in physical database)

UNDO

1000

Z

900

900 (assuming update has not been done in physical database)

REDO

400

 


Related Discussions:- Log based recovery

Subclassing, In the ER diagram, one example of subclassing is depicted foll...

In the ER diagram, one example of subclassing is depicted following the Services entity. The subclasses Item Based and Time Based are created. The entity Services gains the attribu

Explain how the object classes are mapped to tables, Explain how the object...

Explain how the object classes are mapped to tables. Each object class maps to one or more than one tables in the database. The objects in the class may be partitioned horizont

Define data independence, Data independence seems that "the application is...

Data independence seems that "the application is independent of the access strategy and storage structure of data". In other words, the ability to change the schema definition in o

Compare wait-die deadlock prevention with wait-wound scheme, Compare wait-d...

Compare wait-die deadlock prevention scheme with wait-wound scheme   Ans:  Wait-Die Scheme  a) Based upon a nonpreemptive technique.  b) If Pi requests a resource present

Abap/4 statements to access internal tables without header, What should be ...

What should be declared explicitly in the corresponding ABAP/4 Statements to access internal tables without header lines & why? Work Area. This is needed as the Work Area is

Explain the weak entity set, Explain the Weak Entity Set An Entity set...

Explain the Weak Entity Set An Entity set which does not have sufficient attribute to make a primay key is known as weak entity set. For instance, dependents of an employee in

ER diegrams, How to draw an ER diagram to a finance companz

How to draw an ER diagram to a finance companz

What is an object design, What is an object design? Object design is a ...

What is an object design? Object design is a very interactive method, which decides the relationship among objects, classifies operations on classes, determines overall system

Explain clustering file organization, Explain Clustering file organization ...

Explain Clustering file organization (i) Determine if a record of file is physically ordered on a nonkey field - that does not comprise a different value for each record - that

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd