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Learning and Spillovers
The cost of a value activity can decline over time due to learning that increases its efficiency. The methods by which learning can lower cost over time are many, and comprise such factors as layout changes, enhanced scheduling, labor efficiency enhancement, product design modifications that facilitate manufacturing, yield improvements, procedures that increase the utilization of assets, and better tailoring of raw materials to the process. Learning can also decrease the cost of retail outlets, constructing plants, or other facilities. Therefore the possibilities for learning in an activity are wider than learning by personnel to execute their functions more proficiently. The rate of learning varies broadly among value activities since each offers varying possibilities for learning enhancements. Learning is often the cumulation of many small improvements rather than major breakthroughs. The rate of learning might rise during slack periods whenever attention is focused on decreasing costs instead of meeting demand. Furthermore, learning tends to differ with the quantity of management attention dedicated to capturing it.
Learning can spill over from one firm in an industry to another, via mechanisms like consultants, suppliers, ex-employees, and reverse engineering of products. Where spillover of learning among firms is high in a value activity, the rate of learning might stem more from net industry learning than from the learning of one firm.
Consortium Lending: As the financial needs of a single unit are more than a single bank can cater to, then more than one bank comes together to finance the unit jointly spreading
Disadvantages of Simulation 1) Although all models are simplification of reality, they may still be complex and require a substantial amount of managerial and technical time.
Maximum change in marginal Profit or Cost Just as we did in studying the permissible ranges for changes in resources, we are also interested in studying the permissible ranges
Classification of ratio according to significance The ratios have also been classified according to their significance. Some ratios are more important than other and the fir
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Bulk Agency Factoring : In this category factoring is essentially used as a method of financing book debts. In this sort of factoring the client continues to administer credit a
based on your assumptions, calculate the cost per unit (total product cost on a per unit basis) under a traditional accounting system based on direct labor hours (table 1 prepared
Analysis of Each Decision Package This analytic procedure permits the manager of the decision package and its alternatives to assess and validate its operation. Numerous quest
why the activity costing have most comparative bid?
Archie Ltd manufactures a product called Gizmo. It uses the following direct inputs: Price Quantity Cost per unit of output Direct materials $4 per gram 10 grams per unit $40 per
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