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The contribution of ionic polarization takes account of the fact that when in a molecule some of the atoms have an excess positive or negative charge (resulting from the ionic character of the bonds),an electric field tend to shift positive ions relative to negative ones. This leads to an induced moment of other origin from the moment induced by electron clouds shifting relative to nuclei. In this case a solid material should have some ionic character. It then automatically has internal dipoles, exactly cancels each other and is unable to rotate. The external field them induces net dipoles by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position. The paradigmatic materials are simple ionic crystal like NaCl. The polarization of a given volume, though, is exactly zero as for every dipole moment there is a neighbouring one with exactly the same magnitude, but with opposite sign. Note that the dipoles cannot dipoles, their direction is permanent. In electric field, the ions feel forces in opposite directions. The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Chlorine ions to the lift. The dipoles moments between adjacent NaCl pairs in field direction are now different and there is a net dipole moment in a finite volume now. It can be observed that it is enough to take one dipole in field direction.
When are intermolecular forces the strongest? Intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole, dispersion and hydrogen bonds). These forces are weaker than chemical (covalent) bonds. Thus
The energy needed to ionize an atom is known as ionization energy. It is the energy needed to make the electron jump from the present orbit to the infinite orbit.
An electron is in a box of width 3*10^-10m.what are de broglies wavelength and magnitude of momentum of the electron if it is in A)n=1 level B)n=2 level C)n=3 level Ans) Use the
Is the sheath color important? This is a mainly slippery subject and the cause of heated debate. Several scientists affirm that an opaque light or white colored cladding, parti
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When were foundations of quantum mechanics established? Foundations of quantum mechanics : The quantum mechanics foundations were established throughout the first half of th
recombination of electrons and holes impurity semiconductor
How can I find current by Nodal analysis
It is the property of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapour. It is the speed that a chemical compounds evaporates. Higher volatility indicates faster evaporation.
what is the physics principle involved in the lens maker equation
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