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Q. Illustrate crystal field splitting in octahedral complexes?
Initially in a free ion state (I) all the orbitals are in degenerate state. In state (11), all the five orbitals are raised m energy when surrounded uniformly by negative charges. State (111) shows how the degeneracy is removed in an octahedral field. The set of lower three orbitals equal in energy in an octahedral field is given symbols t2g while the upper two equal-energy levels are denoted by e,. The difference in energy between t2g and eg sets is given by a symbol D0, (delta octahedral). Comparing states (11) and (III), we find that the only difference between them is that instead of uniformly distributing the six negative charges (as shown in state II), we have put the six charges at the comers of a regular octahedron. Just by the redistribution of charges the total energy of the system should not change. However, at the same time we say that in state (111). the t2g set of orbitals will be lower in energy and the eg set will be higher. The two facts can be reconciled if the total lowering of 12 set is equal to the total raise in energy of eg orbitals which would give no resultant change in energy as compared to state (11). Of the five orbitals, three are lowered in energy and two are raised in energy. Thus each orbitals is lowered in energy by 2/5D0, causing a total lowering of 615 & the other two orbitals are each raised in energy by 3/5D0, causing a total raise of 6/5 D0,. The sum total of lowering and raise, being equal and opposite, turns out to be zero or no change. The D0, values are generally in the range of 100-250 kJ mol-1.
The interatomic distances in H 2 and Cl 2 molecules are 74 and 198 pm respectively. The bond length of HCl is : (1) 272 pm (2) 1
The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n=1) is approximately 0.530 Å . The radius for the first excited state (n=2) orbit is: (1) 0.13Å
Q. Define the Normality of solutions? Ans. Sometime normality is used to measure concentration. Normality (abbreviated N) is the number of gram-equivalent masses of solute in 1
the simplest forms of physical quantities
The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 x 10 -5 kgm/ s . The uncertainity in its position will be( h= 6.63 x 10 -34 Js) : (1) 5.28 x 10 -30 m
trivalent acid and basic radicals
how to prepare chlorine water
How do i know which compounds i should put a roman numeral in?
Elements upto atomic number 103 have been synthesized and studied. If a newly discovered element is found to have an atomic number 106, its electronic configuration will be: (1
IUPAC name is given to compounds. Carbon is an element so it will bw called as carbon only. eg. hydrocarbons - CH4=methane C2H6=Ethane
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