A: In C, encapsulation was completed by making things static in a compilation unit or module. It prevented another module from accessing the static stuff. (Incidentally, now static data at file-scope is deprecated in C++: don't do that.)

Unluckily this approach doesn't support multiple instances of the data, as there is no direct support for making multiple instances of a module's static data. If multiple instances were required in C, programmers typically utilized a struct. But unluckily C structs don't support encapsulation. It exacerbates the tradeoff among safety (information hiding) and usability (multiple instances).

In C++, you can have multiple instances and encapsulation both via a class. The public part of a class has the class's interface, which normally contains the class's public member functions and its friend functions. The private or/ and protected parts of a class have the class's implementation, typically which is where the data lives.

The end result is similar to an "encapsulated struct." It decrees the tradeoff between  usability (multiple instances) and safety (information hiding).

!"          !