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A: Use operator overloading to present a friend left-shift operator, operator<<.
#include class Fred {
public:
friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& o, const Fred& fred);
... private:
int i_; // only for illustration
};
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& o, const Fred& fred)
{
return o << fred.i_;
}
int main()
Fred f;
std::cout << "My Fred object: " << f << "\n";
...
We employ a non-member function (a friend in this case) as the Fred object is the right-hand operand of the << operator. If the Fred object was imagined to be on the left hand side of the << (i.e., myFred << std::cout instead of std::cout << myFred), we could have utilized a member function named operator<<.
Note down that operator<< returns the stream. It is so the output operations can be cascaded.
A: They present a degree of freedom in the interface design options. Member functions & friend functions are equally privileged (100% vested). The major difference is that a fri
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