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How are tables stored on Disk?
We realise that every record of a table can have different amounts of data. This is due to in some records; some attribute values may be "zero". Or, some attributes might be of type varchar (), and thus each record may have a dissimilar length string as the value of this attribute. Thus, the record is stored with each subsequent attribute splitted by the next by a special ASCII character known as a field separator. Of course, in every block, we may place several records. Every record is separated from the next, again by another special ASCII character known as the record separator.
Limitations of File Based System The file-based system has some limitations. The limitations are listed as follows: Isolation and separation of data: When the data is
The Conceptual Level or Global level The conceptual level presents a logical view of the complete database as a unified whole. It permits the user to bring all the data in th
Explain the terms primary key, candidate key, alternate key and secondary key. In the given table identify every key? STUDENT(SID,Regno, Name, City) Primary Key: The prim
give me a diagram about physical or internal level
What is substitutability? Any method of a class-say A can equally well be adjured with any object belonging to any subclasses B of A. This characteristic leads to code reuse, a
what is data link layer
What is NULL? Give an example to described testing for NULL in SQL? The NULL SQL keyword is used to represent either a missing value or a value which is not applicable in a re
Define deadlock avoidance. An alternative method for avoiding deadlocks is to needs additional information about how resources are to be requested. Each request requires the s
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to apply aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to
Explain cursors in SQL? Cursors in SQL - An object used to store the output of a query for row-through-row processing through the application programs. Cursors are constructs
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