Around the globe the bank controlled Co-ops (Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express) have rolled out millions of smart cards under the EMV (Europay, MasterCard, VISA) standard. One among the reasons for its success is the improved security provided via two-factor and even three-factor authentication (more recent).

(a) Explain how smart cards provide two-factor and three-factor authentication.

(b) Give three tasks of the smart card operating system.

(c) Consider that an attacker is analysing the combined power traces on card to obtain information about the algorithm running on the smart card. How is this attack called?

(d) Discuss on how an attacker can effectively de-layer and analyse data on smart card chip.

(e) Describe how hidden commands will be a security threat to smart cards.

(f) Show how the following features of the smart card chip help to maintain smart card security:

i. bus-scrambling
ii. presence of sensors
iii. multi-layering