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The dynamic memory allocator is a layer between the application and the OS, managing heap objects. When a program requests memory from the allocator (via malloc(), for instance), the allocator will return a pointer (or reference) to a piece of memory of the appropriate size. When the program is done with the memory, the memory should be released back to the allocator. Languages such as C and C++ leave this job to the programmer to perform manually, for example by using free(). On the other hand, languages such as Java, python, etc automatically manage dynamically-allocated memory, which makes the programmer's life easier, and can eliminate entire classes of memory management bugs.
Although using free() and delete is relatively simple, it can be tricky to get them right. A signi?cant fraction of bugs in C and C++ programs are related to manual memory management. If we forget to free objects, we end up with memory leaks; if we free memory too soon, we end up with "dangling pointers"; also, we can try to do weird things, like performing double frees, etc. Therefore, a process that manages memory automatically is clearly useful. The most important concept for correctly implementing a garbage collector is that of live objects: a live object is any object that can still be reached through one (or more) pointers.
What is spooling? Spooling overlaps the I/O of single job with the computation of other jobs.
Explain hierarchy level directory
Define deadlock. A process requests resources; if the resources are not available at that time, the process enters a wait state. Waiting processes might be never again change s
Write note on process, process state? A process is in excess of the program code which is sometimes known as text section. It as well includes the current activity as represent
What are two differences among user-level threads and kernel-level threads? Under what circumstances is one type better than the other? (1) User-level threads are unknown by th
Write a note on the usage of semaphores. Semaphore is a synchronization tool and it is a variable having integer values. It is accessed only by two standard atomic operations w
Long term scheduler calculates which processes are admitted to the machine for processing. It accepts the degree of multiprogramming. Once accepted, a job converts a process.
What is macro expansion
The Most comman difference are given below System calls are heavy. While a procedure call can generally be performed in a few system instructions, a system call needs the c
Logical File System Responsible for providing the before discussed interface to the user including: File access. Directory operations. Security and protection.
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