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A term usually used for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Such variation is of main concern in the medical statistics particularly in the analysis of the survival times where hazard functions can be strongly influenced by the selection effects operating in the population. There are several possible sources of this heterogeneity, the most apparent of which is that it reflects the biological differences, so that, for instance, some individuals are born with the weaker heart, or a genetic disposition for cancer. A further prospect is that the heterogeneity happens from the occured weaknesses which result from the stresses of life. Failure to take account of this kind of variation might often obscure comparisons between groups, for instance, by measures of relative risk. A simple model which attempts to permit for the variation between individuals is given as follows where Z is the quantity specific to an individual, considered as the random variable over the population of individuals, and the base rate is denoted by λ(t) . What is observed in a population for which this type of model holds is not the individual hazard rate but the net result for several individuals with different values of Z.
Outlier is an observation which seems to deviate markedly from the other members of the sample in which it happens. In the set of systolic blood pressures, {125, 128, 130, 131, 19
Computer-aided diagnosis : The computer programs which are designed to support clinical decision making. In common, such systems are based on the repeated application of the Bay
In the network shown below, the rst of the two numbers on each arc indicates the arc capacity and the second (in parentheses) of the two numbers indicates the current flow. Use t
Randomized consent design is the design at first introduced to overcome some of the perceived ethical problems facing clinicians entering patients in the clinical trials including
Population averaged models are the models for kind of clustered data in which the marginal expectation of response variable is the main focus of interest. An alternative approach
Missing values : The observations missing from the set of data for some of the reason. In longitudinal studies, for instance, they might occur because subjects drop out of the stud
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Quittingill effect is a problem which occurs most frequently in studies of the smoker cessation where smokers frequently quit smoking following the onset of the disease symptoms
A standard IQ test has a mean of 98 and a standard deviation of 16. We want to be 99% certain that we are within 8 IQ points of the true mean. Determine the sample size
Bayes factor : A summary of evidence for the modelM1 against the another modelM0 provided by the set of data D, which can be used in the model selection. Given by the ratio of post
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