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Q. Extraction of f-block element ?
As all the lanthanides occur together in nature, their extraction involves two main steps: (i) separation from one another and (ii) reduction of their compounds to metals. Since the lanthanides are all typically trivalent and are almost identical in size, their chemical properties ark almost similar. Thus, the separation of lanthanides from one another is a very difficult task, almost as difficult as the separation of isotopes. Only europium and cerium will be separated from the remaining lanthanides by employing conventional Q+ chemical methods because of stabilities of Ce 4+and EU2+ in aqueous solution. Cerium can be separated from a mixture of lanthanides by oxidising ce3+ to ce4+ with permanganate or bromate or hypochlorite in an alkaline medium and subsequently precipitating it as Ce02. Europium can be reduced to EU2+ either by electrolytic reduction with a mercury cathode or by using zinc amalgam. It is then precipitated from the solution as EuSo4.
Earlier the lanthanides used to be separated from each other by selective precipitation or by fractional crystallisation. With a limited amount of a precipitating agent, the substance uhichis least soluble is precipitated first. For example, if a base is added to a solution of lanthanide nitrates, the least soluble Lu(OH)3 is precipitated first and the most soluble - La(OH)3 last. As only a partial separation is effected, the precipitate is redissolved and the method is repeated several times.
Doctors prescribe medicine based upon body weight. The recommended dose is 5.0 mg antibiotic per kg body weight and the antibiotic is dissolved to form a solution with a concentrat
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Photon absorption for IR spectroscopy Photon absorption for IR spectroscopy
What is the effective nuclear charge of 2s for Fe?
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The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an element are given below as n= 1, l=0, m=0, s = 1/2 . The atoms is: (1) Lithium (2) Beryllium (3) Hydrogen (4)
The HarperLake solar farm is located in Mojave Desert close to Daggett, CA. The solar radiation in Daggett is provided by the following table from: The HarperLake solar fa
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