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Q. Extraction of f-block element ?
As all the lanthanides occur together in nature, their extraction involves two main steps: (i) separation from one another and (ii) reduction of their compounds to metals. Since the lanthanides are all typically trivalent and are almost identical in size, their chemical properties ark almost similar. Thus, the separation of lanthanides from one another is a very difficult task, almost as difficult as the separation of isotopes. Only europium and cerium will be separated from the remaining lanthanides by employing conventional Q+ chemical methods because of stabilities of Ce 4+and EU2+ in aqueous solution. Cerium can be separated from a mixture of lanthanides by oxidising ce3+ to ce4+ with permanganate or bromate or hypochlorite in an alkaline medium and subsequently precipitating it as Ce02. Europium can be reduced to EU2+ either by electrolytic reduction with a mercury cathode or by using zinc amalgam. It is then precipitated from the solution as EuSo4.
Earlier the lanthanides used to be separated from each other by selective precipitation or by fractional crystallisation. With a limited amount of a precipitating agent, the substance uhichis least soluble is precipitated first. For example, if a base is added to a solution of lanthanide nitrates, the least soluble Lu(OH)3 is precipitated first and the most soluble - La(OH)3 last. As only a partial separation is effected, the precipitate is redissolved and the method is repeated several times.
Benzaldehyde - Aldehydes and Ketones Benzaldehyde is simple aromatic aldehyde. It occurs in bitter almonds in the type of its glucoside, amygdalin (C 20 H 27 O 11 N). While amy
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Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science and its most fundamental level is the study of two physical energy, entropy and quantities. Energy may be regarded as the
Explain about the Dielectric Breakdown Dielectric Breakdown of a dielectric material is because of the excitation of electrons into the conduction band across energy
When 100 ml of M/10 H2SO4 is mixed with 500 ml of My/10 NaOH then nature of resulting solution and normality of excess reactant left is
An atom or group of atoms, which verify the characteristic properties of the Substance it, is known as functional group.
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conductometric determination of hydrolysis constant of conjugate base of weak acid experiment?
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