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Q. Extraction of f-block element ?
As all the lanthanides occur together in nature, their extraction involves two main steps: (i) separation from one another and (ii) reduction of their compounds to metals. Since the lanthanides are all typically trivalent and are almost identical in size, their chemical properties ark almost similar. Thus, the separation of lanthanides from one another is a very difficult task, almost as difficult as the separation of isotopes. Only europium and cerium will be separated from the remaining lanthanides by employing conventional Q+ chemical methods because of stabilities of Ce 4+and EU2+ in aqueous solution. Cerium can be separated from a mixture of lanthanides by oxidising ce3+ to ce4+ with permanganate or bromate or hypochlorite in an alkaline medium and subsequently precipitating it as Ce02. Europium can be reduced to EU2+ either by electrolytic reduction with a mercury cathode or by using zinc amalgam. It is then precipitated from the solution as EuSo4.
Earlier the lanthanides used to be separated from each other by selective precipitation or by fractional crystallisation. With a limited amount of a precipitating agent, the substance uhichis least soluble is precipitated first. For example, if a base is added to a solution of lanthanide nitrates, the least soluble Lu(OH)3 is precipitated first and the most soluble - La(OH)3 last. As only a partial separation is effected, the precipitate is redissolved and the method is repeated several times.
Tempering is a heat treatment method for metals and alloys. In steels, tempering is completed to "toughen" the metal by transforming brittle marten site into bainite or a combinat
Types of titrations - Volumetric analysis Titrations can be categorized as : (A) Acid base titrations or alkalimetry and acidimetry (B) Redox titrations or Oxidation redu
How many atomic number does have Ne Because Ne has atomic number = 10 and F has atomic number = 9, the neon species that has 9 electrons is Ne+
physical properties of acid amide
what are the applicatio of photochemistry
Q. Describe properties and uses of different silicate glasses and also discuss the importance of annealing in the manufacture of glass.
The ratio among the radius of cation and the radius of anion is known as Limiting radius.
conclusion of the topic?
I WANT FIGURE FOR POENTIONSTAATIC COULOMETRY
The atomic number of an element is 17. The number of orbitals containing electron pairs in its valence shell is: (1) Eight (2) Six (3) Three
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