Q. Extraction of f-block element ?

As all the lanthanides occur together in nature, their extraction involves two main steps: (i)   separation from one another and (ii) reduction of their compounds to metals. Since the lanthanides are all typically trivalent and are almost identical in size, their chemical properties ark almost similar. Thus, the separation of lanthanides from one another is a very difficult task, almost as difficult as the separation of isotopes. Only europium and cerium will be separated from the remaining lanthanides by employing conventional  Q+  chemical methods because of stabilities of Ce ⁴⁺and EU²⁺ in aqueous solution. Cerium can be separated from a mixture of lanthanides by oxidising ce³⁺ to ce⁴⁺ with permanganate or bromate or hypochlorite in an alkaline medium and subsequently precipitating it as Ce0₂.  Europium can be reduced to EU²⁺ either by electrolytic reduction with a mercury cathode or by using zinc amalgam. It is then precipitated from the solution as EuSo₄.

Earlier the lanthanides used to be separated from each other by selective precipitation or by fractional crystallisation. With a limited amount of a precipitating agent, the substance uhichis least soluble is precipitated first. For example, if a base is added to a solution of  lanthanide nitrates, the least soluble Lu(OH)₃ is precipitated first and the most soluble -  La(OH)₃ last. As only a partial separation is effected, the precipitate is redissolved and the method is repeated several times.