Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What is numeric promotion, What is numeric promotion? Numeric promotion...

What is numeric promotion? Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integer and floating-point operations may take place.

Static variable, import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.util.Locale; p...

import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.util.Locale; public class Client {    // instance data    private String name;    private long income_this_year;    private double perce

J2ee java website rebuild, J2EE Java Website rebuild Project Description...

J2EE Java Website rebuild Project Description: We are seeking an experienced developer to re-build a Java/J2EE based Website. We are in requirement to reconstruct our website

Diffentiate local and global variables, Diffentiate Local and Global Variab...

Diffentiate Local and Global Variables? Local or function level variable effective just in the function in that they are declared although global variables visible everywhere o

Explain any five buzz words in java, Question 1 Explain any five buzz w...

Question 1 Explain any five buzz words in Java 2 Explain exception classes and also explain common exceptions in java 3 Explain primitive and abstract data type in java

What is java rmi, Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is the process of activati...

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is the process of activating a method on a remotely running object. RMI offers location transparency in the sense that it gives the feel that a metho

Write html and javascript code for the needs, Write HTML and JavaScript cod...

Write HTML and JavaScript code for the needs shown in the diagram below? When ConvertoUpperCase button is pressed then the entered text is converted to upper case and result is

What are the different types of bean injections, Two types of bean injectio...

Two types of bean injections are there:- 1. By setter 2. By constructor

Need an engineer for flex reporting tool, Need an engineer who has knowledg...

Need an engineer who has knowledge working on Flex Reporting tool. Who knows how data needs to be taken care of from DB, SharePoint, ERP and then process using logic/intelligence u

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd