The main features of outward-oriented and inward-oriented development strategies.

Inward- oriented as focus on reducing domestic reliance on imports by executing high barriers to trade and channelling government resources towards specified domestic industries.

Outline import-substitution; The rather dismal results of import-substitution contain a strong political rather than economic philosophy , focus on domestic champions which reduced competitiveness, failure to identify winning industries, squandered government resources on goods for which there was no competitive benefit, forward linkage effects and a lack of capital/ skills/ knowledge transferred from abroad