1. Sketch and explain different regions of a pressure-volume diagram of a full cardiac cycle.

2. Sketch and explain the relationship between cardiac output and end-diastolic volume.

3. The Lennard-Jones potential is given by

U= -A/r⁶+B/r¹²

where A and B depend on the depth of the potential well and the distance at which potential vanishes. Draw the profile of this potential (sketch without specific values) and explain its different regions.

4. The probability of dissociation of water into H+ and OH- , to a good approximation, can be characterized by the Boltzmann distribution:

W = e^{-E- / kT}

If, at 27 ⁰C, 1.5 moles of water contain 1.5 X 10¹³ pairs of H+ and OH-, estimate the value of energy of dissociation.

5. Sketch and explain different regions of phase diagram of water (pressure vs. temperature).

6. Explain how air inhalation and expiration takes place through pressure gradients inside and around lungs.

7. Explain why Alveoli surface tension varies during respiration.