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Example of Redefines clause:
This illustration describes a sales record that may either contain the total amount of sale or the quantity (QTY) and UNIT-PRICE. The aim of such description may be to have two types of records and their types may be determined from the data item named SALES-TYPE. Based on some predetermined values of SALES-TYPE the record will be interpreted in one of the two forms, Note that the SALES-BY-UNIT and TOTAL-SALES refer to the similar storage space. They actually represent two different mappings of the similar storage region.
The REDEFINES clause as explained above is quite common in use. Though, the clause may be simply used for the aim of conservation of storage space possibly in the working-storage section. In such situations two records having no meaningful connection between them can also be used to share similar storage space provided both of them are not used in the program concurrently. The syntax of the REDEFINES clause is as shown below:
Level-number daa-name-1 REDEFINES data-name-2
Concept of a two-dimensional table: Concept of a two-dimensional table can be easily extended to tables having three or more dimensions. The Handling of tables up to three dim
scope of marginal costing
PROGRAM FOR MASTER FILE MAINTENANCE: We have to write a program to keep the stu-file for which a record has just 2 fields,viz., rno(Roll Number) and name(Student Name). Give t
WRITE STATEMENT: The WRITE Statement verb releases a record in an output file. The syntax for the WRITE statement can be unlike depending on the output device and the medium us
Common form of the READ statements: Format 1 is the common form of the READ statements. Format 2 is used when the access mode is either random or dynamic. For illustration,
REWRITE STATEMENT: As in the situation of a relative file, the REWRITE statement needs that the file should be opened in the I-O mode, and if the SEQENTIAL access mode is spec
SPECIAL-NAMES: This paragraph is used to associate some hardware names to the user-specified mnemonic names. This paragraph is elective in all compilers. The format of this pa
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION: This section holds information regarding the files to be used in the program. There are 2 paragraphs in this section- FILE-CONTROL & I-O-CONTROL. The
PROGRAM FOR ELECTRICITY BILL: An electricity company supplies electricity to 4 types of customers coded 1, 2, 3 & 4.The rate schedule for customers is shown in one table as
PROGRAM FOR RENAMES CLAUSE: identification division. program- id. environment division. data division. working-storage section. 01 emp. 02 empdet.
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