Example of indirect taxes and subsidies- accounting system, Macroeconomics

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Example of Indirect Taxes and Subsidies- ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 

We now permit our government to impose what are called indirect taxes. This category includes sales tax, excise tax, customs duties, etc. These taxes are treated as cost of doing business by the producing enterprises but there is no corresponding factor payment or purchase. Conceptually, we can say that the enterprises are purchasing productive services from the government and paying for them by means of these taxes. These can then be treated as intermediate inputs. However, as we saw, it is impossible to identify a particular component of taxes as a payment for a particular component of government services. Government services, financed from a general tax pool, contribute to both production and consumption. Hence in national accounts the convention is to treat indirect taxes as part of the producer's price and hence are included in the market value of final outputs.

Now value added or factor payments will not add up to GNP defined as market value of final outputs inclusive of indirect taxes. Look at the following accounts which are a modified version of those in example VI.

 Production Sector 

349_Production Account13.png

    Government 

1421_Production Account13.png

    Household Sector 

1848_Production Account13.png

saving and Investment Account 

579_Production Account13.png

Now GNP at market prices = C + I + G    

                               = 1100 + 1100 + 1800 = 4000

Total value added = GNI = GNP at factor cost    

                     = 1700 (Wages and Salaries) + 2000 (Gross Profits) = 3700

Now GNP at market prices does not equal GNI. The latter is also called GNP at factor cost. We have

GNP at market prices - Indirect taxes = GNP at factor cost

How come with incomes of 3700, the society is able to consume output worth 4000? The answer lies in the fact that government services worth 300 are also consumed for which no explicit payment is made. They are paid for through indirect taxes imposed on marketed output.

This way of treating indirect taxes assumes that these taxes are fully passed on to the consumer. If government is subsidizing certain productive activities subsidies are to be treated as negative indirect taxes, i.e. as a 'factor payment' which does not add to the price of the product. Thus,

GNP at Factor Cost = GNP at Market Prices - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies

We now define the following income and product concepts:

GNP at Factor Cost = GNP at Market Prices - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies

NNP at Factor Cost (National Income) = GNP at Factor Cost - Depreciation

Personal Income = NNP at Factor Cost - Corporate = Profit Taxes - Retained Profits

Personal Disposable Income = Personal Income - Personal Income Tax

As mentioned in the text, government expenditure G includes only expenditure on current goods and services. It does not include transfer payments. 

 

 

 

 

 


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