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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Consider entity type Employee with attributes empNumber (this is unique), empName, and the year when he/she was hired. An employee can either be a technical employee, a marketing e
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Define tuple variable? Tuple variables are used for comparing two tuples in the same relation. The tuple variables are explained in the from clause by way of the as clause.
how to construct labelled precedence graph for view serialiability.please explain insteps with one solved examples
Explain Relational model and their use in DBMS? Relational Model - The relational model was first introduced through E.F. Codd of the IBM Research in the year of 1970. The mode
What is the use of integrity constraints? Integrity constraints make sure that changes made to the database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data consistency. The
What are the two methods for dealing deadlock problem? The two procedures for dealing deadlock problem is deadlock detection and deadlock recovery.
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Adding Redundant Associations for Efficient Access Redundant associations do not add any type of information, therefore during design we should actually examine structure of o
Sequential File Organisation The most necessary way to organise the collection of records in a file is to use sequential Organisation. Records of the file are stored in series
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