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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
The Internal or Physical Level The collection of files permanently stored on secondary storage devices is called as the physical database. The internal or physical level is t
Increased overheads on update : On the drawbacks side, it will need the system to ensure that all replicas of a relation are consistent. This shows that all the replicas of the rel
Hot Backup: Some sites cannot terminate the database while creating a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not a reliable option. So different kinds of backing up database
Physical Database Design Issues The database design includes the process of logical design with the use of E-R diagram, normalisation, etc., followed by the physical design.
Create role named role_table that allows a user to create tables. Using role_table allow users kripa and reena to create tables. CREATE ROLE role_table; GRANT CREATE ANY TABLE
define normalisation and functional dependency
Describe about Use Case and external case in DFD The processes are transformed those into the Use Case and external case in DFD has same characteristics which of an actor in O
what should be included in this???
Give Concurrent sub states diagram for the classroom and exam held. In Figure, simultaneous substrates have been taken. After passing Minor 1 test you could give Minor 2 test. T
Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach? In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. In
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