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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
What are the drawbacks of File Oriented System in details?
What is called query processing? Query processing refers to the range of activities included in extracting data from a database.
The H. I. Topi School of Business operates international business programs in 10 locations throughout Europe. The school had its first class of graduates in 1965. The school keep
Submission Requirements All answers must be computer generated (including text and diagrams). The hand-in version must include a header page (or with sufficient space)
For Colorado customers calculate the number of single products ordered. If a product is purchased on multiple orders, it should be counted only single time. The result should conta
What is called block-level striping? Block level striping stripes blocks across many disks. It treats the array of disks as a large disk, and provides blocks logical numbers
What is Candidate Key Super Key or Candidate Key: It is such an attribute of a table that can uniquely recognize a row in a table. Generally they have unique values and can n
Illustrate the statement 'Projection operation distributes over the union operation'. Give an example. Ans: Π L (E 1 ∪ E 2 ) = (Π L (E 1 )) ∪ (Π L (E 2 )) This says th
What is an index? An index is a structure that helps to place desired records of a relation quickly, without probing all records.
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