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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
List the Armstrong's axioms for functional dependencies. What do you understand by soundness and completeness of these axioms? Ans: The Armstrong's axioms are: F1:
Explain the disadvantages of a file processing system? Ans: Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include: 1) Data Redundancy 2) Data Inconsistency 3) Difficult to acce
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Differance between procedural and non procedural DML? Procedural and non procedural DML Procedural DML exactly what data is require and how to obtain those data. Non procedural
What are the physical characteristics of magnetic disks? Ans: A magnetic disk is a circular plate or platter of plastic or metal that is coated with magnetizable material lik
what is attribute is attribute inheritance in dbms?
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Construct a generalization-specialization hierarchy for a motor-vehicle sales company. The company sells motorcycles that comprise an engine number and cost; cars that have a chass
what is multivalued dependency
Control as State within Program 1. The term control exactly means to check effect of input within a program. For illustration, in Figure, after the ATM card is inserted (a
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