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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
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Consider a research paper submission process. The process starts when an author submits a draft research paper (the paper may have up to 3 authors) to the chair of the organizing c
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This language that enable user manipulate to or access data as organized by appropriate data model. Low level or Procedural DML : DML needs a user to specify what data ar
Question 1 Discuss the classification of DBMS based on location of database Question 2 Explain with examples different SQL commands used for creating and deleting relations.
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