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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
What is SQL, and why is it important? SQL stands for Structured Query Language, and is the most significant data processing language in use today. It is not a complete programm
Briefly explain each of the following database terms. Use no more than 2-3 lines for each term. 1. DBMS 2. Update Anomaly 3. Alias (referring to tables in SQL queries)
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What is Derived and stored Attribute? Derived and Stored Attribute - In a few cases, two or more attribute values are associated, for example, Age and BirthDate attributes of a
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Construct a generalization-specialization hierarchy for a motor-vehicle sales company. The company sells motorcycles that comprise an engine number and cost; cars that have a chass
Using Column aliases Example: To print column names as NAME and ANNUAL SALARY SELECT ENAME "NAME", SAL*12 "ANNUAL SALARY" FROM EMP;
1. Define each of the following IN YOUR OWN WORDS: (a) File: (b) Record: (c) Field: (d) Primary Key: (e) Secondary Key: 2. A travel agency wants t
Give short note on the following terms:Dirty pages and ETL a.) Dirty pages. These are buffer pages which comprise modifications which haven't been written to disk. b.
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