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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Discuss how the bi-directional Implementations are made. In bi-directional implementation of the association, a pair of references must implement every link. The declarations a
what is correlation in nested query
Benefits of heap files 1. This is a easy file Organisation method. 2. Insertion is somehow capable. 3. Good for bulk-loading data into a table. 4. Best if file
read-set(T) : Each data items that are read by a transaction T Timestamps : for all transaction T, the start-time and the end time are reserved for all the three phases.
What are the difference between clustered and a non-clustered index? A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are physically stor
Compare the Nested-loop join and block-nested loop join Ans: Nested loop join - It is costly as worst case cost, no. of block accesses needed is n r * b s + b r where b
Define Fifth Normal form is concerned with Ans : Fifth Normal form is concerned with Join dependency.
growing phase and shrinking phase are disjoint, why ?
Discuss the methods for a hash file to expand and shrink dynamically. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? The hashing methods that permit dyanamic file expansi
Explain the concept of Modeling With Objects A model is a conceptual representation of a specification, design or system from a particular point of view. A modelling language
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