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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
example of bank
The participation Constraints shows whether the existence of an entity depends on its being associated to another entity by the relationship type. There are two kinds of participat
Question 1 Indexes are ocasionally defines on a single field of a file called an indexing field. List and describe the different types of indexes Question 2 Consider a book i
Explain the Difference between DROP and DELETE DELETE deletes one or more than one tuples of a particular relation from the database. DROP is employed to remove a table from th
why data in an RDMS need to be normalised
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(a) Provide the description of the following ODMG schema in the Object Definition Language (ODL). (b) Based on the above object database, write the following queries i
State the Design of Associations Before designing associations, it is essential to know the way they are used. For this, analysis of association traversals is required. It is
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