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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Define the concept of generalization A generalization is relationship between specific kind of thing and general thing. It is also known as "is-a-kind-of" relationship. Inher
What is called as an N-way merge? The merge operation is a generalization of the two-way merge used by the standard in-memory sort-merge algorithm. It merges N runs, so it is k
Create role named role_table that allows a user to create tables. Using role_table allow users kripa and reena to create tables. CREATE ROLE role_table; GRANT CREATE ANY TABLE
What is magnetic disks?explain it? Magnetic disk provides the bulk of secondary storage of modern computer system. The disk capacity is growing at over 50% per year. But the st
Explain the shadow paging recovery technique. Ans: Shadow paging is a method used to acquire atomic and durable transactions, and provides the capability to manipulate pages i
what is correlation in nested query
Question 1 Explain the concept of Foreign Key. How a foreign key differs from a Primary Key? Can the Foreign Key accept nulls? Question 2 With a necessary example explain (i)
External failure : A failure can also result because of an external cause, such as earthquakes, fire, floods, etc. The database must be duly backed up to avoid troubles occurring d
The File Based System File based systems are an early attempt to computerise the manual filing system. For example, a manual file can be set up to hold all the correspondence r
Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed? Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.
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