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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Do the 11.1 11.1 Credit Card Use. Consider the following hypothetical bank data on consumers’ use of credit card credit facilities in Table 11.3. Create a small worksheet in Exce
What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain. Embedded SQL - SQL could be implemented within two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or throu
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Define the Boyce-Codd Normal Form with instance and also Compare BCNF and 3NF. Ans: BCNF: For each functional dependency X->Y in a set F of functional dependencies over relati
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a. Define the term "deadlock". There are four conditions that must hold before deadlock is possible. Name them. b. Outline an algorithm that detects whether there is a deadlock.
1. Staff (staffID --> availabilityID) 2. Services (servicesID --> itemBasedID --> timedBasedID) 3. TimedBased (timedbasedID--> priceid) 4. Clients (clientId, serviceId-->
Discuss the count function? The COUNT function used returns the number of tuples or values fixed in a query. The count function comprises two types of syntax: (1) COUNT (*)
Relations create the database. They must satisfy various properties, like no duplicate tuples, no ordering of tuples, and atomic attributes, etc. Relations that satisfy these basic
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