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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
The indices are accumulated in the index files. The data is accumulated in the data files. Indices give fast access to data items. For example, a book database may be managed in th
What is B-Tree? A B-tree eliminates the redundant storage of search-key values .It permits search key values to appear only once.
why are older data models are being replaced by new data models
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Differentiate between logical database design and physical database design. Show how this separation leads to data independence? Basis Logical Databas
Define average latency time. The average latency time of the disk is one-half the time for a full rotation of the disk.
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