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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
You are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements: For Projects: Start date must be supplied. Start date cannot be i
Explain data independence ? Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level.
using the invoice table shown below,write the relational schema,draw a dependencies,inclunding all partial and transitive dependencies.assume that the table does not contain repeat
Let us first look into some of the important features of ER model. Entity relationship model is a high-level conceptual data model. It permits us to define the data invo
From SAD to OOAD (Structured Analysis and Design (SAD) to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). We will find here how we can map various models in SAD to different model
Question 1 Explain the concept of Foreign Key. How a foreign key differs from a Primary Key? Can the Foreign Key accept nulls? Question 2 With a necessary example explain (i)
normal forms
What is an Index? An index is a small table having only two columns. The first column has a copy of the primary or candidate key of a table and the second column having a set o
What is OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)? In OLTP - online transaction processing systems relational database design use the discipline of data modeling and generally follo
What is transaction? Transaction is a unit of program implementation that accesses and possibly updated several data items.
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