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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Concatenation operator Example : Printing name and job as one string as column name employees: SELECT ENAME||JOB "EMPLOYEES" FROM EMP;
What are the ways in which the variable-length records arise in database systems? Storage of many record types in a file. Record types that permit variable lengths for one o
i need help with creating database system for a library
What are the two integrity rules? Ans: The two integrity rules are: Entity Integrity Rule & Referential Integrity Rule. Entity Integrity Rule - If the attribute A of rel
Horizontal Fragmentation- Horizontal fragmentation groups together the tuples in a relation that are collectively used by the main transactions. A horizontal fragment is produced b
In which form of relational database developer refers to a record? In a tuple form of relational database developer refers to a record.
SELECT Statement This statement is used for retrieving information from the databases. It can be coupled with many clauses. Let us talk about these clauses in more detail:
Design Documentation The Design Document shall be an extension of Requirements Analysis Design. "The Design Document will comprise a revised and much more detailed descrip
Explain the concept of a data model ? Data Model - Model is an abstraction procedure which hides irrelevant details although highlighting details relevant to the application
Decompose the table with the following description and functional dependencies into a set of equivalent tables normalized to 3NF or BCNF. This database stores records from a (ve
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