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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Sub query in the UPDATE command : Example : //Double the commission for employees, who have got at least 2 increments. UPDATE EMP SET COMM = COMM * 2 WHERE
Key to represent relationship amongs tables is called ? A Key that represent the relationship between tables is called Foreign Key.
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Report writing help on database mgmt Project Description: Use of Harvard referencing, critical analysis is required. Skills required: Academic Writing, Technical Writin
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