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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Improved availability: The data in a distributed system may be replicated so that it is at more than one site. Thus, the failure of a node or a communication link does not necessar
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properties of derirable decomposition
A file of employee have 10,000 blocks on a cylinder of a disk with characteristics r=8ms and btt=0.6ms I want to know the cost of read inthe file under following conditions for a q
Database Recovery And Security Introduction In this part we will introduce two main issues relating to database management systems. A computer system suffers from dissi
construct a B+ tree for the following set of key value (2,3,5,7,11,19,23,29,31) in ascending order where the pointers that will fit in one node is as follows:A. four B. six C. eigh
Cardinality of Relationship One-to-One Only one entity of the first set is linked to only one entity of the second set. E.g. A teacher teaches a student. Only one teacher
In the ER diagram, one example of subclassing is depicted following the Services entity. The subclasses Item Based and Time Based are created. The entity Services gains the attribu
how design database from begining
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