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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Define Partial Key and Primary Key A partial key, also known as discriminator, is the set of attributes which can uniquely identify weak entities that are related to similar o
Table_Name( attribute_1, attribute_2, attribute_3, ….. ,attribute_x) Primary Key ( attribute_1, attribute_2) Foreign Key attribute_4 References Table_Name_2 (repeat for each fore
What Is Recovery? During the life of a transaction, i.e., a after the start of a transaction but before the transaction commits, various changes may be made in a database state
What are the benefits of decomposing a system? The benefits of decomposing a system into subsystems are that after decomposition, each individual component become smaller and e
Benefits and limitations
Explain the Fundamental concepts of object-orientation Software developers, data base administrators (DBAs) need to be familiar with fundamental concepts of object-orientation.
what is inverted and multilist structure
What are the ways of obtaining the connection parameters? Hardwire the parameters into the program. Ask for the parameters interactively. Get the parameters
Differance between DDL and SDL? DDL and SDL - The data definition language (DDL) is used through DBA and database designers to describe internal schema, conceptual schema, and
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to be relevant aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to shape
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