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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Explain DML with some examples? DML - Data Manipulation Language: statements used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples: • SELECT - retrieve data from the a da
Construct a clean ans concise ER diagram for the database indicating the cardinality mapping for Employee management syatem
Advantages of Observation Methods: Bailey has pointed out four advantages of observation: 1. Superior in Data Collection on Non Verbal Behavior: When a person a opi
Saving Derived Attributes to Avoid Re-computation As discussed, "redundancy means duplication of exact data". But, if multiple copies of same data are present in the system,
Explain sorted File with advantages? Sorted file The sort utility shall perform one of the subsequent functions: 1.Sort lines of all the named files together and write the
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Determine the Persistent object Persistent object can be stored in one of the following: Files Cheap, permanent, simple storage Low level (Write, Read) Ap
For the relations answer the following queries in SQL Street (name, location, city) House (number, street_name) Lives (name, house_number) (i) Obtain the names of persons who liv
Define Database layer? The database layer defines the data formats used in the database.
What are the different strategies of implementation of the Statecharts? There are two strategies for implementation of state charts: i) Basic Implementation Strategy
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