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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
a need some real life examples of database management systems three level of ANSI SPARC architecture life teacher and student ,company and employee or for NGO etc.
need requirement analysis for database management of stock market
Give short note on the following terms:Dirty pages and ETL a.) Dirty pages. These are buffer pages which comprise modifications which haven't been written to disk. b.
Define instance and schema? Instance: Collection of data kept in the data base at a particular moment is known as an Instance of the database. Schema: The o
At its most essential level the DBMS architecture can be divide into two parts: the back end and the front end. The back end is responsible for managing the physical database an
What is a guard condition? Explain it with a suitable example. The guard-condition is a Boolean expression written with respect to parameters of triggering event and attributes
Design an EER schema for the following application and translate the EER schema into relational schemas (and constraints). It is possible that some requirements cannot be captured
When is UPDATE_STATISTICS command used? - When processing of large data is done, this command is used. - Whenever large number of modification, deletions or copy takes place
What is meant by log-based recovery? The most widely used structures for recording database changes is the log. The log is a sequence of log records, recording all the update a
statical data
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