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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
What was the method in which records are physically stored in a specified order according to a key field in each record ? A method in which records are physically stored within
What are shortcomings in structured approach? Structured methodology treats data and their behaviours separately, and this makes it harder to isolate changes. If changes are re
Example- Search the salary of employees who are not 'ANALYST' but get a salary below than or equal to any people employed as 'ANALYST'. SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROMEMP
What are the two types of errors? The two types of errors are: a) Logical error b) System error
Explain Object oriented Model ? Object Oriented Model - This model is based on the object-oriented programming language paradigm. It involves the features of OOP such as inhe
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Determine the Persistent object Persistent object can be stored in one of the following: Files Cheap, permanent, simple storage Low level (Write, Read) Ap
An example of a weak entity is Staff because the availabilityID cannot be uniquely identified unless it is used in conjunction with the foreign key known as availabilityID in the A
Column Constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, PRIMARY KEY, DEFAULT, REFERENCES, On delete Cascade : Using this key whenever a parent row is removed in a referenced
1. Create the tables for the play-scheme database as specified in the TMA. 2. Enter the data as given in the spreadsheet. 3. Create queries to retrieve specified information
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