Define non-carbonate hardness (nch) - water softening, Civil Engineering

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Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) - Water Softening

1. Permanent Hardness, not removed by heating water

2. Ca⁺², Mg⁺² combining with ions outside of alkalinity such as Cl^-1, NO₃^-1, SO₄^2-

3. NCH = TH-CH (if alkalinity is equal to or greater than TH, then NCH is zero)

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