Culverts, Causeway and Bridges:

Roads have to cross several natural streams like - rivers and canals. They also have to cross railway lines and cross-roads. The structures needed for this purpose are culverts, bridges, causeways, over-bridges, flyovers and underpasses.

Objectives

After studying this unit, you should be able to

• understand what are the various types of structures encountered in a road,
• understand their suitability to site conditions, and
• know how their span and foundation details are worked out.