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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Path analysis is a device for evaluating the interrelationships among the variables by analyzing their correlational structure. The relationships between the variables are man
Intention-to-treat analysis is the process in which all the patients randomly allocated to a treatment in the clinical trial are analyzed together as representing that particular
Bayesian inference : An approach to the inference based largely on Bayes' Theorem and comprising of the below stated principal steps: (1) Obtain the likelihood, f x q describing
Randomized encouragement trial is the clinical trials in which the participants are encouraged to change their behaviour in a particular manner (or not, if they are allocated to
Personal probabilities : A radically special approach for allocating probabilities to events than, for instance, the commonly used long-term relative frequency approach. In this ty
Demographic data: Age: continuous variable Gender: categorical variable with males coded 1, females coded 2. Relationship status: categorical variable 1 to 5. Rational
Two-phase sampling is the sampling scheme including two distinct phases, in the first of which the information about the particular variables of interest is collected on all the m
Grade of membership model: This is the general distribution free method for the clustering of the multivariate data in which only categorical variables are included. The model ass
Treatment allocation ratio is the ratio of the number of subjects allocated to the two treatments in a clinical trial. The equal allocation is most usual in practice, but it might
Multitrait multi method model (MTMM) is the form of confirmatory factor analysis model in which the different techniques of measurement are used to measure each of the latent vari
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