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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Chebyshev's inequality: A statement about the proportion of the observations which fall within some number of the standard deviations of the mean for any of the probability distri
Lexis diagram is the diagram for displaying the simultaneous effects of the two time scales (generally age and calendar time) on a rate. For instance, mortality rates from cancer
Thomas Economic Forecasting, Inc. and Harmon Econometrics have the same mean error in forecasting the stock market over the last ten years. However, the standard deviation for Thom
Bimodal distribution : The probability distribution, or we can simply say the frequency distribution, with two modes. Figure 15 shows the example of each of them
A subject who withdraws from the study for whatever reason, adverse side effects, noncompliance, moving away from the district, etc. In number of cases the reason may not be known.
The graphic representation of the alternatives in a decision making problem which summarizes all the possibilities foreseen by the decision maker. For instance, suppose we are give
Initial data analysis (IDA): The first phase in the examination of the data set which comprises number of informal steps including the following steps * checking the quality o
Johnson''s Job Sequencing for n jobs and 2 machines
Mean-range plot is the graphical tool or device useful in selecting a transformation in the time series analysis. The range is plotted against the mean for each of the seasona
Matching coefficient is a similarity coefficient for data consisting of the number of binary variables which is often used in cluster analysis. It can be given as follows he
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