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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
This term is sometimes used for the analysis of data from the clinical trial in which treatments A and B are to be compared under the suppositions that the patients remain on their
Range is the difference between the largest and smallest observations in the data set. Commonly used as an easy-to-calculate measure of the dispersion in the set of observations b
Component bar chart : A bar chart which shows the component parts of the aggregate represented by the whole length of the bar. The component parts are shown as the sectors of bar w
distinguish the historigram and histogram
Indirect standardization is the procedure of adjusting the crude mortality or morbidity rate for one or more variables by making use of a known reference population. It may, for in
Common cause failures (CCF): Simultaneous failures of the number of components due to a same reason. A reason can be external to the components, or it can be the single failure wh
t distribution
Missing Data - Reasons for screening data In case of any missing data, the researcher needs to conduct tests to ascertain that the pattern of these missing cases is random.
Negative hyper geometric distribution : In sampling without replacement from the population comprising of r elements of one kind and N - r of another, if two elements corresponding
Lie factor : A measure suggested by Tufte for judging the honesty of the graphical presentation of data. Which can be calculated as follows The values close to one are desir
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