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Consistency error: These errors happen due to the inconsistent state of database caused may be due to wrong implementation of commands or in case of a transaction abort. To overcome these errors the database system should contain routines that check for the consistency of data entered in the database.
What is a security? Securities are claims on financial assets. They can be illustrated as "claim checks" which give their owners the right to receive funds in the future. Sec
What is a checkpoint? List the operations to be performed by the system when a checkpoint is to be taken. What does the recovery system do if there is a crash? There is large n
Define Thomas write rule Thomas' write rule: The Thomas' write rule is a modification of timestamp-ordering protocol for concurrency control. Assume that transaction T i issue
Atomicity : Either all functions are laid out or none are. Users could not have to think about the effect of incomplete operations. DBMS ensures this by undoing the functions
What is view in SQL? How is it defined? Any relation that is not part of the logical model, but is made visible to a user as a virtual relation is known as a view. We descri
What are the time stamps associated with each data item? W-timestamp (Q) denotes the largest time stamp if any transaction that implemented WRITE (Q) successfully. R-timesta
What does Aggregation mean?
Hardware failure : Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and
Define the five basic operators of relational algebra? Five basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪∪∪∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in both
When are two schedules said to be view equivalent? Ans: Two schedules that is denoted as S and S' are said to be view equivalent if the subsequent three conditions are met
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