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Consistency error: These errors happen due to the inconsistent state of database caused may be due to wrong implementation of commands or in case of a transaction abort. To overcome these errors the database system should contain routines that check for the consistency of data entered in the database.
Relations create the database. They must satisfy various properties, like no duplicate tuples, no ordering of tuples, and atomic attributes, etc. Relations that satisfy these basic
Explain the Natural join Natural join is a binary operator which is written as (R* S) in which R and S are relations. The effect of the natural join is the set of all combinati
Define Boyce codd normal form A relation schema R is in BCNF with respect to a set F of functional dependencies if, for all functional dependencies in F + of the form.α ->β.
what is check point in database management system
Compute the closure (F+) for the following set of the functional dependencies defined on R(a,b,c,d), where F - {c→ a, ab → d, a → b, d → c}, i.e. what are all of the FDs implied b
How does the two phase protocol ensure serializability in database schedules? Ans: A transaction is termed to follow the two-phase locking protocol if all locking operations
Explain current page table and shadow page table. The key idea behind the shadow paging method is to maintain two page tables during the life of the transaction: the current pa
Describe the Composite Key Composite Key: Sometimes one key is not enough to uniquely recognize a row. E.g. in a single class Roll is enough to search a student, but in the w
Define instance and schema? Instance: Collection of data stored in the data base at a certain moment is Schema: The overall design of the data base is known as the data base
What is aggregate function? Briefly describe it? Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one value. SQL offers 5 built-in aggre
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