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Consistency error: These errors happen due to the inconsistent state of database caused may be due to wrong implementation of commands or in case of a transaction abort. To overcome these errors the database system should contain routines that check for the consistency of data entered in the database.
Assigning Responsibility for Operation Many operations might have obvious target objects, but some of these operations could be used at numerous places in an algorithm, by one
Do NOT use the timestamp type. Use separate date and time data types only. Figure out how to define an SQL insert statement that uses built-in SQL (or MySQL) functions to define
It can be easily defined as: The database must not have any unmatched foreign key values. The term "unmatched foreign key value" means a foreign key value for which there doe
Need for Multiple Access Paths In practice, most of the online information systems need the support of multi-key files. For example, consider a banking database application hav
What are the basic objects of the data dictionary? Tables Domains Data elements Structures Foreign Keys
Lost Updates : Suppose the two transactions T3 and T4 run simultaneously and they happen to be interleaved in the following way (suppose the initial value of X as 10000):
Explain the term - Control as Concurrent Tasks As we know, any object can be implemented as a task in programming language or operating system. This is the most general approa
The primary key is selected from the
What is a Database? To know what database is, we have to start from data, which is the basic building block of any DBMS. Data: Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no pa
Question: In a multi-user database environment, locking mechanisms can be used to solve the three basic problems of concurrency. On the other hand, however, locking may also le
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