(a) The key elements of a protocol are the syntax, semantics and timing. Give a brief explanation of each of these key elements.

(b) A file contains 4 million bytes. Compare the time taken to download the file using

(i) a 56-Kbps channel and

(ii) a 1-Mbps channel?

(c) Explain four characteristics that differentiate one network from another.

(d) From the graph below, calculate the amplitude and the frequency of the sine wave.

(e) Consider we have 10 devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for

(i) a mesh,
(ii) a ring,
(iii) a bus and
(iv) a star topology?

(f) What is the basic difference between a port address, a logical address, and a physical address?

(g) Describe the term "Bandwidth".