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Breadth-first search starts at a given vertex h, which is at level 0. In the first stage, we go toall the vertices that are at the distance of one edge away. When we go there, we markedas "visited," the vertices adjacent to the start vertex s - these vertices are placed into level 1.In the second stage, we go to all the new vertices we can reach at the distance of two edgesaway from the source vertex h. These new vertices, which are adjacent to level 1 vertex and notpreviously assigned to a level, are placed into level 2. The BFS traversal ends when each vertexhas been finished.The BFS(G, a) algorithm creates a breadth-first search tree with the source vertex, s, as its root.The predecessor or parent of any other vertex in the tree is the vertex from which it was firstdeveloped. For every vertex, v, the parent of v is marked in the variable π[v]. Another variable,d[v], calculated by BFS has the number of tree edges on the way from s tov. The breadth-firstsearch needs a FIFO queue, Q, to store red vertices.Algorithm: Breadth-First Search TraversalBFS(V, E, a)1.2. do color[u] ← BLACK3. d[u] ← infinity4. π[u] ← NIL5. color[s] ← RED ? Source vertex find6. d[a] ← 0 ? Start7. π[a] ← NIL ? Stat8. Q ← {} ? Empty queue Q9. ENQUEUE(Q, a)10 while Q is non-empty11. do u ← DEQUEUE(Q) ? That is, u = head[Q]12.13. do if color[v] ← BLACK ? if color is black you've never seen it before14. then color[v] ← RED15. d[v] ← d[u] + 116. π[v] ← u17. ENQUEUE(Q, v)18. DEQUEUE(Q)19. color[u] ← BLACK
The structures of files vary from operating system to operating system. In this unit, we will discuss the fundamentals of file structures with the generic file organisations. A
In any singly linked list, each of the elements contains a pointer to the next element. We have illustrated this before. In single linked list, traversing is probable only in one d
(a) Describe the steps involved in the process of decision making under uncertainty. (b) Explain the following principles of decision making: (i) Laplace, (ii) Hurwicz. (c
Question 1. How can you find out the end of a String? Write an algorithm to find out the substring of a string. 2. Explain the insertion and deletion operation of linked lis
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A significant aspect of Abstract Data Types is that they explain the properties of a data structure without specifying the details of its implementation. The properties might be im
Q. Write an algorithm INSERT which takes a pointer to a sorted list and a pointer to a node and inserts the node into its correct position or place in the list. Ans: /* s
The location of a node in a binary search tree is defined as a string such as LLRRL, which represents the node that you find by starting at the root, and traversing Left, traverse
how do we use 4-discs stack to solve tower of hanoi problem and write an algorithm to solve it?
Q. The two Binary Trees are said to be similar if they are both empty or if they are both non- empty and left and right sub trees are similar. Write down an algorithm to determine
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