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Breadth-first search starts at a given vertex h, which is at level 0. In the first stage, we go toall the vertices that are at the distance of one edge away. When we go there, we markedas "visited," the vertices adjacent to the start vertex s - these vertices are placed into level 1.In the second stage, we go to all the new vertices we can reach at the distance of two edgesaway from the source vertex h. These new vertices, which are adjacent to level 1 vertex and notpreviously assigned to a level, are placed into level 2. The BFS traversal ends when each vertexhas been finished.The BFS(G, a) algorithm creates a breadth-first search tree with the source vertex, s, as its root.The predecessor or parent of any other vertex in the tree is the vertex from which it was firstdeveloped. For every vertex, v, the parent of v is marked in the variable π[v]. Another variable,d[v], calculated by BFS has the number of tree edges on the way from s tov. The breadth-firstsearch needs a FIFO queue, Q, to store red vertices.Algorithm: Breadth-First Search TraversalBFS(V, E, a)1.2. do color[u] ← BLACK3. d[u] ← infinity4. π[u] ← NIL5. color[s] ← RED ? Source vertex find6. d[a] ← 0 ? Start7. π[a] ← NIL ? Stat8. Q ← {} ? Empty queue Q9. ENQUEUE(Q, a)10 while Q is non-empty11. do u ← DEQUEUE(Q) ? That is, u = head[Q]12.13. do if color[v] ← BLACK ? if color is black you've never seen it before14. then color[v] ← RED15. d[v] ← d[u] + 116. π[v] ← u17. ENQUEUE(Q, v)18. DEQUEUE(Q)19. color[u] ← BLACK
How to measure the algorithm's efficiency? It is logical to examine the algorithm's efficiency as a function of some parameter n showing the algorithm's input size. Instance
Draw trace table and determine the output from the below flowchart using following data (NOTE: input of the word "end" stops program and outputs results of survey): Vehicle = c
Q.1 Compare two functions n 2 and 2 n for various values of n. Determine when second becomes larger than first. Q.2 Why do we use asymptotic notation in the study of algorit
Program for Linear Search. Program: Linear Search /*Program for Linear Search*/ /*Header Files*/ #include #include /*Global Variables*/ int search; int
Explain the term - Branching There are two common ways of branching: case of ..... otherwise ...... endcase if ..... then ..... else ..... endif case of
advanatges of dynamic data structure in programming
Q. Prove the hypothesis that "A tree having 'm' nodes has exactly (m-1) branches". Ans: A tree having m number of nodes has exactly (m-1) branches Proof: A root
Q. Create a heap with the given list of keys: 8, 20, 9, 4, 15, 10, 7, 22, 3, 12 Ans: Creation
What is called the basic operation of an algorithm? The most significant operation of the algorithm is the operation contributing the most to the total running time is known as
Definition of Algorithm Algorithm must have the following five characteristic features: 1. Input 2. Output 3. Definiteness 4. Effectiveness 5
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