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Breadth-first search starts at a given vertex h, which is at level 0. In the first stage, we go toall the vertices that are at the distance of one edge away. When we go there, we markedas "visited," the vertices adjacent to the start vertex s - these vertices are placed into level 1.In the second stage, we go to all the new vertices we can reach at the distance of two edgesaway from the source vertex h. These new vertices, which are adjacent to level 1 vertex and notpreviously assigned to a level, are placed into level 2. The BFS traversal ends when each vertexhas been finished.The BFS(G, a) algorithm creates a breadth-first search tree with the source vertex, s, as its root.The predecessor or parent of any other vertex in the tree is the vertex from which it was firstdeveloped. For every vertex, v, the parent of v is marked in the variable π[v]. Another variable,d[v], calculated by BFS has the number of tree edges on the way from s tov. The breadth-firstsearch needs a FIFO queue, Q, to store red vertices.Algorithm: Breadth-First Search TraversalBFS(V, E, a)1.2. do color[u] ← BLACK3. d[u] ← infinity4. π[u] ← NIL5. color[s] ← RED ? Source vertex find6. d[a] ← 0 ? Start7. π[a] ← NIL ? Stat8. Q ← {} ? Empty queue Q9. ENQUEUE(Q, a)10 while Q is non-empty11. do u ← DEQUEUE(Q) ? That is, u = head[Q]12.13. do if color[v] ← BLACK ? if color is black you've never seen it before14. then color[v] ← RED15. d[v] ← d[u] + 116. π[v] ← u17. ENQUEUE(Q, v)18. DEQUEUE(Q)19. color[u] ← BLACK
The insertion procedure in a red-black tree is similar to a binary search tree i.e., the insertion proceeds in a similar manner but after insertion of nodes x into the tree T, we c
You have to sort a list L having of a sorted list followed by a few "random" elements. Which sorting methods would be especially suitable for this type of task? Insertion sort
The controversy of RISC versus CISC never ends. Suppose that you represent an advocate for the RISC approach; write at least a one-page critic of the CISC approach showing its disa
Find a minimum cost spanning arborescence rooted at r for the digraph shown below, using the final algorithm shown in class. Please show your work, and also give a final diagram wh
#2 example of recursion
[(a+b)/(c+d)^(e+f)]+(g+h)/i
5. Implement a stack (write pseudo-code for STACK-EMPTY, PUSH, and POP) using a singly linked list L. The operations PUSH and POP should still take O(1) time.
Implement multiple stacks in a single dimensional array. Write algorithms for various stack operations for them.
write a COBOL program to find the biggest of two numbers
The maximum degree of any vertex in a simple graph with n vertices is (n-1) is the maximum degree of the vertex in a simple graph.
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