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In OSI 7 layer model, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data unit at each layerI 7 layer, but we will define a simple virtual packet which contains only 8bit data value without any header and trailer
Each packet contains one pixel information of the lenna256 image. We defined the 3 structures in "CPacketStruct.h" to express a packet as bit stream. Left structure is defined for bit stream for error detection code and right structure is defined for bit stream for error correction code. There is additional bit stream without any code, and the data structure of bit stream with no code is same as the Packet structure in "CPacketStruct.h"
typedef struct {
BIT dat1[5];
BIT dat2[5];
} EDBitStream;
BIT dat1[7];
BIT dat2[7];
} ECBitStream;
Fig. Bit stream structure
One pixel data is represented with 8 digits, and each 4 digits are divided into dat1, and dat2. In bit streams for error detection
Ex) 1 Pixel data = 100010012
Normal Packet
(Packet is not encoded)
Encoded Packet by Parity Bit
Encoded Packet by hamming code
[1000 1001]
[Pixel Data ]
[10001 10010 ]
[ (1000)+Parity || (1001) +Parity ]
[1101000 0111001 ]
[ (1000)* G || (1001) * G ]
In Packet structure,
NCBitStream
In EDBitStream Structure
In ECBitStream Structure
These two command show the cisco IOS filename a) show ver b) show flash
Mean node-node path The mean node-node path is two times the mean node-root path. Number the levels of the tree with the root as 1 and the deepest level as N. The path from t
1. A low voltage digital device has a low state of 0 V and a high state of 1.8 V. It generates a signal train of high pulses at a rate of 1 MHz, these pulses having a 10 ns width a
Data Link Layer Sub layers · Logical Link Control (LLC) - upper layer · Handles control information, logical addressing and data · MAC (Medium Access Control) - lower layer ·
Q. Explain about Nonboundary-Level Masking? Nonboundary-Level Masking Bytes in the IP address that correspond to 255 in the mask will be repeated in the subnet addres
Q. Explain about Error Detection? Data can be corrupted during transmission because of accidents, Storms, sudden increase in electricity and voltage / decrease in signal power
Describe how Link-State routing protocols work
(a ) Std "A" 16.4 m C-BAND EARTH STATION (1996) This is the main system of this station and provides connectivity to most of the countries through dedicated transponder channe
Enumerate about the Virtual Private Network (VPN) Even though, many firewalls also include the features of the virtual private network, the functionality and capabilities of V
How do we do encryption and authentication in L2TP?
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