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In OSI 7 layer model, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data unit at each layerI 7 layer, but we will define a simple virtual packet which contains only 8bit data value without any header and trailer
Each packet contains one pixel information of the lenna256 image. We defined the 3 structures in "CPacketStruct.h" to express a packet as bit stream. Left structure is defined for bit stream for error detection code and right structure is defined for bit stream for error correction code. There is additional bit stream without any code, and the data structure of bit stream with no code is same as the Packet structure in "CPacketStruct.h"
typedef struct {
BIT dat1[5];
BIT dat2[5];
} EDBitStream;
BIT dat1[7];
BIT dat2[7];
} ECBitStream;
Fig. Bit stream structure
One pixel data is represented with 8 digits, and each 4 digits are divided into dat1, and dat2. In bit streams for error detection
Ex) 1 Pixel data = 100010012
Normal Packet
(Packet is not encoded)
Encoded Packet by Parity Bit
Encoded Packet by hamming code
[1000 1001]
[Pixel Data ]
[10001 10010 ]
[ (1000)+Parity || (1001) +Parity ]
[1101000 0111001 ]
[ (1000)* G || (1001) * G ]
In Packet structure,
NCBitStream
In EDBitStream Structure
In ECBitStream Structure
Message passing is probably the most extensively used parallel programming paradigm today. It is the mainly natural, portable and efficient approach for distributed memory systems.
Ans) The Transport Layer : Segments upper-layer applications. Establishes an end-to-end connection. Sends segments from one end host to another. Optionally, make sures
State about the Cell sectoring With cell sectoring, a cell is separated into a number of wedge-shaped sectors, each with its own set of channels, typically 3 or 6 sectors per c
#question.what can we do with a spider when it red?.
ARP is used to search a devices MAC address given an IP address.
DNS - Server Attacks It’s not so easy to list all the associated attacks as they are evolving way so fast. As any error of flaw is identified, a patch is released in response
Sending a message to a group multicast address is known as multicasting, and its routing algorithm is known as multicast routing.
compare routing algorithms with non adaptive algorithms
The Network layer is used to route physical data to the destination point, it decides the actual path from where data travels to destination point. The network layer supports both
The three phase of PPP session establishment are:- A. Link establishment phase B. Authentication phase C. Network layer protocol phase
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