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ASSUME: Assume Logical Segment Name:-
The ASSUME directive which is used to inform the assembler, the specified names of the logical segments to be consider for different segments which is used in the program. In the assembly language program, each of thesegment is given a particular name. For instance, the code segment can be given the name CODE; data segment can be allotted the name DATA etc. The statement ASSUME CS: CODE directs the assembler that the machine codes are available in a segment named CODE, and so the CS register is to be loaded having the address (segment) allotted by operating system for the label CODE, while loading. IN the same manner, ASSUME DS : DATA denote to the assembler that the data items related to the program, are available in a logical segment named DATA, and the DS register can be initialised by the segment address value decided by the operating system for the data segment, whereas loading. It then assumed the segment DATA as a default data segment for each memory operation, that is related to the data and the segment CODE as a source segment for the machine codes of the program. The ASSUME statement is necessary at the starting of each assembly language program, without which a message 'CODE/DATA EMITTED WITHOUT SEGMENT' may be issued by an assembler.
Pointer and Index Registers The pointers contain offset within the specific segments. The pointers BP, IP and SP generally containoffsets within thedata, code and stack segment
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General Bus Operation The 8086 has a joined data and address bus commonly referred to as a time multiplexed address and data bus. The major reason behind multiplexing address
RCR: Rotate Right through Carry:- This instruction rotates the contents bit-wise of the destination operand right by the specified count through carry flag (CF). For each operati
DMA DMA stands for Direct Memory Access It is uses same Address/Data lines on ISA bus It controls the ISA bus instead of the processor ("bus master") Floppy
Opcode : The opcode generally appear in the first byte.but in a few instructions, a register objective is in the first byte and few other instructions may have their 3-bits of
errorlevel -302 ;prevents error code for this chipset __config 0x373A ;chip config PIC spec page 146 processor 16F877A ;chipset reset code
General Data Registers Given figure indicate the register organization of 8086. The registers DX, CX, BX and AX are the general purpose 16-bit registers. AX is behaved as 16-bi
calculate the number of one bits in bx and complement an equal number of least significant bits in ax hint use the xor instruction
IInd Generation Microprocessor : The second generation microprocessor by using n MOS technology seemed in the market in 1973. The Intel 8080, of nMOS technology
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