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Particle swarm optimization can be applied to global optimization, as follows.
The goal is to search a space of many dimensions for the best solution. A swarm of particles are initially distributed randomly through the space.
Certain particles have two-way communication with certain others.
In each iteration, each particle moves randomly to another position, but with higher probability of moving closer to a communicating particle that occupies a good solution.
After many iterations, the best solution found is selected.
How can this process be viewed as enumerating a sequence of problem restrictions? Why is there no role for relaxation bounding here?
Merton Enterprises has bonds on the market making annual payments, with 14 years to maturity, and selling for $972. At this price, the bonds yield 8.4 percent.
Consider a $500 deposit earning 5 percent interest per year for 5 years. How much total interest is earned on interest (excluding interest earned on the original deposit)
The tax rate is 34%. If the firm experiences negative earnings before tax, please record $0 as the income tax. If you overpay your estimated taxes, let the liability account go negative.
Book value of common stockholders' equity of Dow Chemical, December 31, 2010 (figure in billions). Common Shares ($1.5 par value per share) $2.939; Additioan paid in capital $2.294; retained earnings 17.744;
The U.S. dollar equivalent was US$100,000. The Singapore security earned 15 percent during the year but the Singapore dollar depreciated 5 cents against the U.S. dollar during the same time period (US$0.67/S$ to US$0.62/S$).
The cost-saving proposal is somewhat riskier than the usual project the firm undertakes; management uses the subjective approach and applies an adjustment factor of 3 percent to the cost of capital for such risky projects.
Metasteel Limited Co. has a stable sales track record but does not expect to grow in the next several years. Its last annual dividend was $5.75. If the required rate of return on similar investments is 18 percent
The equipment will have a depreciable life of 10 years and will be depreciated to a book value of $142,000 using straight-line depreciation. The cost of capital is 13 percent, and the firm's tax rate is 34 percent.
a stock is expected to pay a $.45 dividend at the end of the year. The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 4% a year, and the stock's required rate of return is 11%.
The equipment originally cost $28 million, of which 80% has been depreciated. Kennedy can sell the used equipment today for $7 million, and its tax rate is 40%. What is the equipment's after-tax salvage value
You have found a Toyota Sienna priced at 34,400. The dealer has told you that if you can come up with a down payment of 3,300, he would be willing to finance the balance at an EAR of 5.65%.
Diddy Corp. stock has a beta of 1.3, the current risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the expected return on the market is 14.50 percent. What is Diddy's cost of equity
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