Reference no: EM131339301

1. The enduring and distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual comprise

a. the conscious.

b. the superego.

c. personality.

d. consciousness.

2. According to Freudian theory, our distinctive personality results from the

a. constant interaction among the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious levels of the mind.

b. balance between the life instinct and death instinct.

c. continuous interaction among the id, ego, and superego for dominance.

d. disequilibrium between the reality principle and the pleasure principle.

3. Which personality structure is completely unconscious and consists of instincts?

a. ego

b. id

c. superego

d. superid

4. Jonathan often fantasizes about having sex, and he would prefer to have sex as often as he could. However, he knows that rather than have sex all the time, he must go to classes, do his homework, and study for exams so that he can get a good job later on. According to Freud, Jonathan's _____ is regulating his sexual desires

a. ego

b. id

c. superego's ego-deal

d. superego's conscience

5. A divorced man is asked about his wedding day with his ex-wife who later deserted him. He replies, "I don't remember much about it; I think it rained." His inability to recall details of that day suggests that he applies the Freudian defense mechanism of

a. projection.

b. regression.

c. repression.

d. sublimation.

6. Stephanie is gullible, dependent, and tends to overeat; Saul is rigid, organized, and stingy; Shirley is flirtatious, promiscuous, and seems to have little regard for "the rules." Which of the following

CORRECTLY matches each individual with the psychosexual stage at which he or she is fixated?

a. Stephanie-phallic; Saul-anal; Shirley-oral

b. Stephanie-oral; Saul-anal; Shirley-phallic

c. Stephanie-anal; Saul-oral; Shirley-phallic

d. Stephanie-oral; Saul-anal; Shirley-genital

7. According to Jungian theory, Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader are examples of _____.

a. the personal unconscious.

b. archetypes.

c. mandalas.

d. the collective unconscious.

8. The Neo-Freudian belief of Jung is to __________ as Horney is to __________ as Adler is to _______

a. the drive for superiority; the drive toward relationship; the drive toward growth and self-realization

b. the drive toward growth and self-realization; the drive for superiority; the drive toward relationship

c. the drive toward relationship; the drive toward growth and self-realization; the drive for superiority

d. the drive toward growth and self-realization; the drive toward relationship; the drive for superiority

9. In Hans Eysenck's personality theory, which trait dimension relates closely to emotional stability?

a. neuroticism

b. conscientiousness

c. psychoticism

d. extraversion

10. Shelby is a very outgoing person who likes being around other people and socializing with them. According to the Big Five trait theory of personality, Shelby would be considered

a. showing signs of her masculine archetypes in her collective unconscious.

b. high on the stable and enduring personality disposition known as extraversion.

c. conditioned through past reinforcements to be uncomfortable in social settings.

d. using defense mechanisms to protect herself from feelings of inferiority.

11. Who would be most likely to say that a person's dishonesty is caused by environmental factors?

a. Skinner

b. Freud

c. Rogers

d. Jung

12. Bandura's social cognitive theory of personality stresses the concept of _____ in the development of a child's personality.

a. genetics

b. the unconscious

c. conditioning

d. observational learning

13. As compared to a Skinnerian learning theory approach to personality, the social cognitive approach places __________ emphasis on ____________.

a. less; the individual

b. more; the environment

c. more; the interaction between the individual and the environment

d. less; the interaction between the individual and the environment

14. Temperament is presumed to originate from the child's

a. innate disposition.

b. early learning experiences with the primary caregiver or mother.

c. source traits.

d. personally chosen interests and ideas.

15. In Carl Rogers's theory, anxiety is the outcome of _________, and __________ is needed to counteract this anxiety.

a. subconscious conflict between the id and the superego; insight

b. one's striving for self-actualization; unconditional positive regard

c. discrepancy between one's self-concept and actual experiences; unconditional positive regard

d. disagreement between surface traits and source traits; insight

16. The MMPI-2 was designed specifically to measure _____, and it is effective when used for this purpose

a. psychological problems

b. unconscious motives

c. self-concept

d. intelligence

17. Dr. Krantz is looking for a test that she can use to understand more about her clients' unconscious motivations. She would be very likely to use a(n)

a. self-report measure.

b. objective measure.

c. projective measure.

d. observational measure.

18. Which of the following statements about projective measures is accurate?

a. Tests like the Rorschach have high validity, and they are very popular in clinical settings.

b. Tests like the Rorschach have high validity, but they are not very popular in clinical settings.

c. Tests like the Rorschach have low validity, but they are very popular in clinical settings.

d. Tests like the Rorschach have low validity, and they are not very popular in clinical settings.

19. In order for a test to be considered a good test, it must meet 3 requirements. It must achieve similar results over several measurements which is called __________; it must measure what it is intended to measure which is called __________; and it must be based on established norms which is called __________.

a. validity; reliability; standardization

b. reliability; validity; standardization

c. standardization; validity; reliability

d. validity; standardization; reliability

20. The public's sense of modesty is offended when a "streaker" runs naked across campus, because this is a behavior that most people do not perform. This behavior is abnormal mainly from the perspective of

a. An inability to distinguish right from wrong.

b. Deviation from the average

c. An inability to function effectively

d. The sense of subjective discomfort

21. Larry drinks a 12-pack of beer each day and believes all would be fine if people would just "get off his back." Which criterion for abnormality is absent from this scenario?

a. Maladativeness

b. Qualitative uniqueness

c. Personal discomfort

d. Objective harm to others

22. In attempting to explain the causes of psychopathology, the medical viewpoint emphasizes

a. Physiological factors

b. Mental factors

c. Emotional factors

d. Environmental factors

23. A therapist interprets a client's symptoms as behaviors that are guided by sexual and aggressive impulses. This diagnosis reflects the _____ perspective.

a. Humanistic

b. Sociocultural

c. Cognitive

d. Psychoanalytic

24. Miranda was never punished as a child when she would destroy other people's possessions. Her therapist may wonder if this lack of punishment could explain why Miranda developed antisocial personality disorder. This example reflects the principles of the _____ model.

a. Behavioral

b. Interactionist

c. Biological

d. Humanistic

25. The _____ model explains abnormal behavior as a result of maladaptive ways of thinking.

a. Sociocultural

b. Cognitive

c. Behavioral

d. Medical

26. A person's search for meaning and self-worth is a component of the _____ perspective on understanding psychological disorders.

a. Psychoanalytic

b. Humanistic

c. Cognitive

d. Sociocultural

27. Which of the following is NOT a function of the DSM 5?

a. It provides a conceptual shorthand for health professionals

b. It explains the cause or reasons for the problem

c. Its classification enables researchers to explore causes

d. It facilitates communication among healthcare professionals

28. An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:

a. Mania

b. Anxiety

c. Dissociation

d. Depression

29. A client appears in a psychologist's office complaining of high anxiety, vivid flashbacks, emotional numbing, difficulty concentrating, and insomnia. He reports that six months earlier, he had been attacked in his office by an angry co-worker. The client's symptoms and history are in keeping with a diagnosis of

a. Major depressive disorder

b. Agoraphobia

c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. Post-traumatic stress disorder

30. Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything seventeen times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret is probably suffering from

a. Specific phobia

b. Bipolar disorder

c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. Agoraphobia

31. The relationship of thought to behavior is the same as the relationship of _____ to _____.

a. Delusion; illusion

b. Illusion; delusion

c. Compulsion; obsession

d. Obsession; compulsion

32. Research suggests that there may be a relationship between a person's typical level of anxiety and

a. Dopamine

b. Serotonin

c. Acytocholine

d. Epinephrine

33. Psychologists who adhere to the _____ model claim that anxiety disorders are learned responses to stressful experiences.

a. Sociocultural

b. Humanistic

c. Behavioral

d. Medical

34. People who subscribe to the _____ perspective believe that maladaptive thoughts are the root of anxiety.

a. Sociocultural

b. Humanistic

c. Cognitive

d. Behavioral

35. Phyllis has become blind, but there is no neurological basis for her loss of vision. If psychological factors were the root of Phyllis's problem, her diagnosis would be

a. Anxiety disorder

b. Conversion disorder

c. Hypochondriasis

d. Dissociative disorder

36. Highly creative individuals with bipolar disorder often are most productive

a. While in the depressed state.

b. After their mood is stabilized.

c. During the manic state.

d. In the transition between states.

37. Which of the following statements regarding bipolar disorder is TRUE?

a. Periods of mania usually last longer than do periods of depression

b. Periods of depression usually last longer than do periods of mania

c. Periods of mania usually are more severe than are periods of depression.

d. Periods of depression usually are more severe than are periods of mania.

38. Kirk is difficult to work with because he is extremely moody and unpredictable. Some days he is full of complaints about his job and wants nothing to do with his coworkers. At other times, Kirk is extremely upbeat and optimistic and enthusiastically suggests that the whole work group go out to lunch together. Kirks' chronic mood swings and his inconsistent behavior are characteristic of which of the following disorders?

a. Dysthymic disorder

b. Cyclothymic disorder

c. Rapid cycling disorder

d. Dissociative identity disorder

39. Which of these is the best explanation for the gender differences in the incidence of depression?

a. Men are more likely to turn to alcohol to "treat" their depression.

b. Women are more likely to seek professional help, so more cases are reported for women.

c. Women outlive men by about 10 years, so they report more cases.

d. Stress experienced by women may be greater than that experienced by men, so depression is more common

40 Someone with a personality disorder:

a. Will become schizophrenic

b. Has extensive memory disruptions for personal life information

c. Experiences hallucinations and delusions

d. Has personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive

41. Howard is a 27 year old man that lives in San Francisco. He has been fired from numerous jobs, usually because he got caught lying or repeatedly failed to show up for work. Howard has also been arrested twice for running various "con" games in which he swindles money out of unsuspecting tourists. He has been in and out of drug rehab for alcohol abuse several times. Howard's pattern of behaviors seems to fit which of the following disorders:

a. Disorganized schizophrenia

b. Narcissistic personality disorder

c. Antisocial personality disorder

d. Borderline personality disorder

42. Priscilla's husband insisted that she go to a mental health clinic when she was unable to explain or remember her frequent absences from home, phone calls from people that she claimed she had never heard of, and check stubs from checks she couldn't remember writing. At the clinic, Priscilla admitted there were long stretches of her life that were completely blank to her. Suddenly, Priscilla's voice, facial expression, and demeanor changed and she said to the psychologist, "Don't pay any attention to that old Priscilla. She's just a bore. My name is Patty, and I'm a lot more fun to talk to." The psychologist suspects that Priscilla may be suffering from:

a. Schizophrenia

b. Amnesia

c. Dissociative identity disorder

d. Posttraumatic stress disorder

43. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

a. Inappropriate emotional displays

b. Perceptual distortions

c. Development of additional personalities

d. Thought or conversational disturbances

44. Which of the following would be considered to represent a delusion?

a. Clearly seeing a vision of an object that is not physically present.

b. Being convinced that one's neighbors are alients from another planet.

c. Having to wash one's hands thoroughly every time one touches something.

d. Feeling pain in one's back even though there is no physical sign of injury.

45. Ruth was hospitalized after a concerned coworker went to her house to find out why Ruth had unexpectedly failed to show up at work. When the coworker peered through a window, she saw Ruth standing motionless in the middle of her living room, much like a statue. Ruth appears to be experiencing _____ type of schizophrenia.

a. Paranoid

b. Undifferentiated

c. Catatonic

d. Disorganized

46. In a large study that measured psychological disorders among a representative group of Americans, it was found that _____ was the most commonly reported psychological disorder.

a. Schizophrenia

b. Depression

c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. Panic disorder

47. The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____.

a. Psychotherapy; psychoanalysis

b. Psychotherapy; biomedical therapy

c. Psychoanalysis; behavior therapy

d. Clinical psychology; psychoanalysis

48. Freud's theory of personality stressed the idea that:

a. Early childhood experiences provide the foundation for later personality development

b. Maladaptive forms of behavior are learned and reinforced

c. People are motivated to achieve their creative potential

d. Mental disorders are caused by abnormal brain chemistry

49. According to Freud, people use _____ to protect themselves from unacceptable impulses in their unconcious.

a. Eccletic approaches

b. Defense mechanisms

c. Superego controls

d. Emotion-focused coping

50. The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to:

a. Learn and reinforce more productive behaviors in place of maladaptive behaviors.

b. Bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness to help the person gain insight into conflicts and resolve them.

c. Provide unconditional positive regard to the person seeking help.

d. Actively confront irrational beliefs.

51. The application of free association in therapy involves:

a. The process of creating new defenses.

b. Learning to remain relaxed during tension-producing circumstances.

c. Saying the first thought that enters one's mind.

d. Making friends with others whom the client would not meet otherwise.

52. Why do dreams, fantasies, and slips of tongue offer important data, in the view of psychoanalytic psychologists?

a. Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the subconscious mind.

b. Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the unconscious mind directly.

c. Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the preconscious mind directly.

d. Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the unconscious mind.

53. After months of psychoanalysis, Calvin's therapist felt it was time to offer several explanations of Calvin's dreams and free associations to help Calvin recognize unconscious conflicts and motivations. Calvin's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique called:

a. Resistance

b. Transference

c. Nondirective disclosure

d. Interpretation

54. Wanda had a dream that she was walking through a major city, surrounded by large cylindrical skyscrapers. Wanda's therapist suggests that her dreams may be a reflection of repressed sexual energies, that the buildings may represent phalluses. The therapist is interpreting the

a. Associative content of the dream.

b. Manifest content of the dream.

c. Latent content of the dream.

d. Resistant content of the dream.

55. For the last several weeks, Cheryl has been responding to her therapist with hostility during her sessions of psychoanalysis. Cheryl often responds similarly to her parents, especially her mother. Cheryl is probably unconsciously experiencing

a. Transference

b. Resistance

c. Disclosure

d. Manifest urges

56. The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes:

a. An individual's conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.

b. Unconscious motives and conflicts

c. The use of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior

d. The use of aversive conditioning

57. One important goal of the therapist in client-centered therapy is to

a. Actively guide and make decisions for the client

b. Create conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy

c. Uncover the client's unconscious conflicts.

d. Challenge the client's irrational beliefs and values.

58. During many of Judith's therapy sessions, Judith's client-centered therapist openly and honestly shares her own feelings about what Judith is saying. Judith's therapist is:

a. Modeling genuiness in a way that encourages Judith to also express herself in an open and nondefensive way

b. Fostering countertransference so that Judith will understand the difficulties of being a therapist

c. Using systematic desensitization so that Judith understands that all people have problems.

d. Trying to counteract Judith's negative cognitive bias

59. According to Carl Rogers, therapeutic change in client-centered therapy occurs:

a. As the client's views of himself and the world become less distorted.

b. As the client develops insight into unconscious conflicts.

c. As the therapist teaches the client to uncover their irrational beliefs about self.

d. When new conditioned responses are learned that inhibit the unhealthy conditioned responses of anxiety, fear, and hopelessness.

60. Psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy are both forms of _____ therapy, which stresses the importance of increased self-understanding.

a. Insight

b. Behavior

c. Cognitive

d. Systematic desensitization

61. In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on:

a. Trying to modify and overhaul the person's entire personality.

b. Developing an understanding of the unconscious conflicts that are causing the problems.

c. Understanding how the dynamics of past relationships and feelings of inferiority have produced the problems.

d. Unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place.

62. When Gary found out that his new job required some air travel, he sought the help of a clinical psychologist to deal with his intense fear of flying. The psychologists suggested using a procedure called systematic desensitization. As the first step in the process, the psychologist:

a. Explored Gary's past for possible clues as to why Gary was afraid of flying

b. Actively confronted the irrationality of his fear

c. Had Gary visualize being on an airplane that developed engine trouble and had to make an emergency landing

d. Trained Gary in a technique called progressive relaxation

63. Three year old Lauren refuses to stay in her own bed at night. When her parents put her back in her own bed, she screams and cries unless one of them stays with her. After talking with a behavior therapist, the parents began using an operant technique that involved:

a. Systematically extinguishing the undesireable behaviors (crying/screaming) by ignoring them and positively reinforcing the child for desireable behaviors (staying alone in her bed)

b. Using counterconditioning and aversive conditioning to reduce the child's screaming and crying

c. The bell and pad treatment.

d. Creating an anxiety heirarchy and teaching progressive relaxation to the child

64. Creating a system of reinforcement that involves earning points toward a reward would be called:

a. Rational-emotive therapy

b. Counterconditioning

c. A token economy

d. Virtual reality

65. Cognitive therapy is to maladaptive _____ as behavioral therapy is to maladaptive _____.

a. Conditioning; habit control

b. Unconscious conflicts; conscious conflicts

c. Consequences; beliefs

d. Thinking and beliefs; learning and conditioning

66. Zelda is an RET therapist working with Linda. After identifying Linda's core irrational beliefs, the second step Zelda uses in therapy is to:

a. Monitor Linda's behavior changes.

b. Encourage Linda's use of free association so that Linda gains insight into the unconscious sources of her irrational beliefts

c. Vigorously dispute and challenge Linda's irrational beliefs.

d. Provide a warm, supportive atmosphere of genuiness and unconditional positive regard to allow her to accept irrational beliefs

67. According to Albert Ellis, a psychologically healthy response to an unpleasant or disappointing situation is to:

a. Stay cheerful and optimistic, denying your feelings

b. Respond with rational beliefs, experience appropriate emotions of disappointment or sadness, and constructively change/cope with the difficult situation

c. Contact your therapist immediately and ask him or her how to handle the situation.

d. Ask your therapist to develop a counterconditioning program to avoid similar future situations

68. Candace overhears a classmate complaining that some students have such huge egos that they completely dominate class discussions and make it impossible for other students to voice their opinions or ask questions. Candace walks away in tears, convinced they were talking about her. According to Beck's cognitive therapy, Candace is demonstrating a(n) _____ called _____.

a. Ego defense mechanism; transference

b. Irrational belief; an ABC interpretation

c. Negative cognitive bias; personalization

d. Free association; interpretation

69. In Beck's congitive therapy, the therapist strives to create a therapeutic climate of:

a. Collaboration

b. Confrontation

c. Genuniness, empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard

d. Optimal frustration

70. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy over individual therapy?

a. Group therapy is typically less expensive

b. Clients receive support and encouragement from other group members

c. The client can establish a deep and meaningful relationship with the therapist

d. Working within the group provides an opportunity for practice of new skills

71. According to your textbook, the PRIMARY goal of family therapy is to:

a. Improve parenting skills

b. Improve ongoing interactions and relationships among family members and develop new novel roles and behaviors

c. Prevent divorce

d. Determine who is at fault for the personal problems of the client

72. Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE?

a. Most people with psychological symptoms seek help from a mental health professional.

b. Research consistently shows that most people must be in therapy for a year or more to improve

c. The gains that people make as a result of therapy tend to be long lasting.

d. As a general rule, the benefits of therapy are minimal when compared to the almost identical improvement rates of untreated people with psychological problems.

73. The most common form of biomedical therapy used to treat psychological disorders is:

a. Trephining

b. Psychoactive medications

c. Electroconvulsive therapy

d. Catharsis

74. Because of several unfortunate events in his life, Robert's level of anxiety had become so intense and consuming that he could no longer concentrate at work. After Robert discussed the problem with his family doctor, the doctor prescribed _____ for _____.

a. Clozapine; six months

b. Thorazine; six months

c. Valium; ten days

d. Prozac; one week

75. Bipolar disorder which is also often referred to as manic depression, is most commonly treated with a medication called:

a. Diazepam

b. Lithium

c. Chlorpromazine

d. Librium

76. The SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) differ from first and second generation antidepressants in that they:

a. Affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, serotonin

b. Affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, norephinephrine

c. Affect levels of multiple neurotransmitters in the brain

d. Can cause violent behavior when taken by people who are significantly depressed

77. Mackenzie has just started psychotherapy. If Mackenzie is typical of most therapy clients, she should expect to notice significant progress

a. Immediately

b. After a few months of weekly sessions

c. After a year of weekly sessions

d. After two to three years of weekly sessions

78. Theresa is a therapist who is working with a client named Ross. Currently, Ross is agonizing over whether he should stay married or file for divorce. According to therapeutic guidelines, his therapist should:

a. Tell him what to do

b. Recommend a good divorce lawyer

c. Help him explore and better understand his own feelings about his marriage so he can make a good decision

d. Call Ross's wife and tell her how Ross feels

79. Antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychological disorders do their work by

a. Dissolving tiny blood clots that interfere with brain circulation

b. Regulating the activity of neural circuits related to dopamine

c. Establishing a better connection between the brain and the body

d. Increasing the brain's production of many neurotransmitter types.

Required Essay:

Russell and Elizabeth have recently started seeing a therapist as their marriage relationship is on the verge of ending. Elizabeth has been experiencing some symptoms that include a general sense of fatigue, lack of motivation, weight loss, and an inability to concentrate at work. Sometimes, she doesn't even feel like getting out of bed. Although Elizabeth has always struggled with self-esteem, it seems to be worse right now and she states her husband is not helping matters. He sometimes even pokes fun at her or gets angry with her when she gets down about things. She reports having many intrusive thoughts about her lack of success in the workplace (she was just passed over for a promotion) and her lack of solid friendships with other women (no one ever invites her to lunch or includes her in social gatherings both at work and church). She feels completely hopeless, unloved and unworthy of anyone else's affection or affiliation. To make matters worse, Elizabeth has recently discovered that she had repressed memories of an abusive childhood. According to her aunt, her father regularly beat her for no reason. Russell says that Elizabeth has grown very distant lately and he's mostly upset because things aren't getting done around the house like they used ot. He also reports an increase in fighting to which Elizabeth responds that she feels like Russell is not being supportive enough - that he just expects her to "get over it." Based on the above information:

1. Would you diagnose either Russell or Elizabeth with a psychological disorder, and if so what would you diagnose? Would you prescribe any medications and if so, what classification of medications would you prescribe?

2. Pretend that you are the therapist and choose 3 of the following approaches. For each approach, talk about what style of interaction you would take; what do you believe is the source of the problems for Russell and/or Elizabeth; what treatment techniques would you use and what outcome would you expect from treatment (your goal)?

a. psychoanalysis b. behavior therapy c. humanistic therapy

d. cognitive therapy e. family systems therapy f. group therapy

3. If this were a real life situation and you were the therapist, would you stick with one approach or would you be eclectic (meaning you would take on various approaches in resolving this couple's problems)? Why?