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1. The P/O ratio for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the number of ATP molecules that are synthesized for each two electrons that enter the electron transport pathway. Under normal conditions, the P/O ratio is approximately 2.5. [The derivation of this number will be explained in class, though it is not necessary for you to understand the derivation to answer this question. Just know that the P/O ratio is the number of ATPs made for each NADH that is oxidized]. (a) Uncouplers cause the mitochondrial membrane to become permeable to protons, and so uncouple ATP synthesis from electron transport. What would be the effect of a low concentration of an uncoupler on the P/O ratio? Note that a low concentration of uncoupler will only partially dissipate the proton gradient. (b) DCCD is a reagent that inhibits ATP synthase by blocking the proton channel through the enzyme. What effect would DCCD have on the P/O ratio? Tip: it is important to understand that inhibition of ATP synthase also inhibits electron transport, because an increase in [H+] in the inter-membrane space exerts an inhibitory backpressure on the proton pumping complexes (ie remember that ATP synthesis and electron transport are coupled processes). (c) If mitochondria are inhibited with DCCD, and then an uncoupler is added, what will be the effect of the uncoupler on ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption and the P/O ratio? Explain your reasoning behind all answers.
How will chronic Hepatitis C impact a female's reproductive system? Discuss sex hormone levels, hypothalamic-pituitary axis changes, fertility and menstruation changes.
Explain why do human beings play a unique role both in degradation and the preservation of the biosphere and discuss the importance of the greenhouse effect.
If the sheep population in Tasmaania went from 30,000 in 1820 to 1,900,000 in 1850, what was this population's annual r value during this period?
Which is easier to dispose of in a flock of chickens? A recessive allele for erect combs or a dominant allele for feathered legs. How various generations would it take.
Determine which of the following repair pathways do not involve the use of a homology dependent repair system?
Histone protein H4 from pea plants and cow thymus glands contain 102 amino acids in both cases. A total of one hundred of the amino acids are identical in 2 species.
If the spinal lemniscus is cut on the right side of the medulla, what would be the clinical outcome?
Assume the two tryptophan codons within the leader peptide of the trp operon were changed from tryptophan to asparagine.
Suppose that the breeder selects plants that mature in 69 days for the next generation. Approximation the time required for the next generation to mature. What kind of infection do you believe she has in this hand.
What aspects of social and work environment in a college cafeteria will be of particular interest to a sociologist since of his or her sociological imagination.
What substance is known as the "spreading factor?" How does the "spreading factor" aid an organism in its quest to penetrate the host cell? What is the dissimilarity between net primary production and net primary productivity.
What gland generates cortisol
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