Reference no: EM133313983

Glucose and Weight Regulation

1. Describe the expected changes in blood glucose after a meal as well as after prolonged periods of not eating.  Explain the concept of glucose homeostasis (do our blood glucose levels matter?)
2. Describe the role of hormones in the regulation of blood glucose.  What are their target organs?  What triggers their release? What are the primary actions of these hormones? 
3. Define the following terms: glycogen, glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
4. What is insulin resistance?  What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?  What is glucose intolerance?  What happens when you have diabetes?  What does it mean to be pre-diabetic?  List the 3 types of diabetes mellitus and their general description. If given a glucose tolerance test, what would the blood of someone who had diabetes look like? What would their insulin levels look like in someone that has pre-diabetes? 
5. Describe the role of leptin and ghrelin in weight management.  Where are these hormones produced?  What is their target?  What actions do they elicit? 
6. What is the "Barbie" Drug?  How does this drug lead to satiety and weight loss while also causing people to tan without sun exposure? 

Urinary System

1. List the organs of the Urinary System. What is their general function? 
2. What are the functions of the kidneys?  How do they play a role in maintaining homeostasis? 
3. Describe the anatomy and regulation of the bladder and micturition.  What role does the autonomic NS play in urine storage and micturition? 
4. What is the functional unit of the kidneys? 
5. What is GFR?  What is the typical GFR per minute?  How much of that gets converted to urine?  How much gets rebsorbed back into the blood supply? 
6. List the structures of a nephron and describe the function of each segment. 
7. Define the following terms: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion.
8. What kinds of molecules ar easily filtered?  What molecules would you normally NOT find in the urine? 
9. How does filtration occur?  Why is the glomerulus more efficient at filtration than other capillary beds? Describe the effect on GFR if the afferent arteriole and/or efferent arteriole were dilated or constricted. 
10. What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?  Where is it produced/secreted?  What impact does it have on water reabsorption at the kidney?  What triggers the release of ADH?  What is the target of ADH?  What effect does ADH have on urine concentration and output?