What happens during the s stage of the cell cycle

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Reference no: EM132841835

Mitosis and Cancer

In this section you will see how cells divide in two, in a process called mitosis. This process replaces dead cells, and allows animals and plants to grow. It is happening in your body all the time.

A) Web site name: University Of Arizona Biology Project

Read "The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial : DNA basics"

1) What is "chromatin"?

2) What does DNA stand for?
Click on "Next" at the bottom of the page

3) What happens during the S stage of the cell cycle?

4) What is p53?

5) What does a mutation (or change in) p53 lead to? ____________________
Click on "Next" at the bottom of the page

6) Can chromosomes be seen clearly during Interphase? __________________

7) In which stage (or phase) can chromosomes first be seen with the light microscope?

8) In which phase do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?

Although mitosis is often divided into stages, each stage gradually blends into the next, so that mitosis is really a smooth, continuous process as you will see in the next section.

B) Web site name: You Tube

Click on the play ">" button and watch the process of mitosis.

9) What happens during prophase?

10) How many chromosomes are shown in prophase? ____________________

11) How many chromosomes move to each end of the cell during anaphase?____________

12) Watch the cell cytoplasm separate into two (cytokinesis) during telophase. Does it start to separate from the middle of the cell (between the nuclei), or from the outside? _______________________________

When cells divide rapidly, and the body cannot control mitosis, this causes cancer.

C) Web site name: BBC News

Read "Skin cancer trial results "exciting".

13) What is the name of these two experimental drugs?

14) What do the drugs block?

15) What is the medical name for "skin cancer that has spread to other organs"?

16) What was the average survival, until recently, of patients with advanced melanoma? _____________________

17) How many patients took pembrolizumab? ___________________________

18) Apart from melanoma what other type of cancer is in trials with this drug?

19) What is the 2 year survival rate for patients taking nivolumab? _____________ %

20) What is meant by a "blinded" trial?

21) How long will it be before the Phase III trial results will be reported?

22) What side effects do these drugs have?

D) Web site name: Florida State College at Jacksonville
Web site URL: https://web.fscj.edu/David.Byres/cancer1.html

23) What is a carcinogen?

24) What are oncogenes?

25) Is p53 (look back at questions 4 and 5 above) an oncogene or a suppressor gene?

26) How can you tell that cancer has more to do with lifestyle than genetics?

27) List two "complete carcinogens" ________________ and _________________

28) Why is non-melanoma skin cancer not usually recorded in cancer statistics?

29) What are three sources of low level ionizing radiation? ________________

30) What percentage of cancer is caused by: a) industrial chemicals ____ % b) diet ____ %

31) What is the greatest single cause of cancer worldwide? ________________

E) Web site name: The Guardian newspaper

Read "Cancer researchers claim ‘extraordinary results' using T-cell therapy"

32) What percentage of participants with ALL saw symptoms vanish completely? ______ %

33) What is the function of the "receptor" molecules? _____________________________

34) Why is this "living drug" better than regular chemotherapy? _______________________

35) What are some of the dangerous side-effects of T-cell therapy?

36) How long can memory T-cells last in the body and "remember" a type of cancer? _______
F) Web site name: National Geographic

Read "Cancer rarely strikes elephants. New clues suggest why."

37) In theory, why should elephants suffer from cancer at much higher rates?

38) How many copies of p53 are found in elephants? _____

39) What does the p53 gene do to cells with too much damage? ________________________

40) Which relatives of elephants have many copies of the LIF gene?

41) How long ago did LIF6 appear in elephant genes? ______________________________

42) Do you think this research is relevant to human cancer? Explain your answer.

G) Web site name: American Cancer Society

Click on "Learn about Cancer" then "Select a cancer type". Select a type of cancer that you would like to get more information on. Then click on "Go" and to get specific information on this type of cancer. Summarize the information below:

43) What type of cancer did you research? __________________________________

44) What are the risk factors? _____________________________________________________

45) What are the symptoms? ______________________________________________________

46) What treatments are available? _________

Attachment:- Mitosis and Cancer.rar

Reference no: EM132841835

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