Reference no: EM134015979
Problem
According to this reading, what are the factors that influence or affect the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children and adolescents?
Marketing of unhealthy products
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Cigarettes
The harmful impact of cigarette marketing on youth is well established. Tobacco use is not only associated with a variety of serious medical disorders, but tobacco use disorder has been identified as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The proportion of youth who initiate smoking declined from 25 percent of 12th-grade students in 1997 to 5 percent in 2016 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Nevertheless, 4.7 million middle and high school students were current smokers in 2015, and approximately 1 in 13 children under the age of 18 will eventually die from a smoking-related illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Controlling for peer and parental influences, exposure to cigarette advertising predicts later smoking (National Cancer Institute, 2008). The vast majority of smokers begin smoking before age 18, and youth exposed to more cigarette advertising are more likely to start smoking (McClure et al., 2013; Sargent, Dalton, & Beach, 2000). In the case of United States v. Philip Morris et al. , ¹³ the federal district court ruled that cigarette advertising is a causal factor in the initiation of smoking.
Electronic cigarettes and other nicotine delivery systems also pose a threat to the health of young people. Use of these devices by young people has increased dramatically over the past 10 years, rising from 2% in 2011 to 16% in 2016 (Barrington-Trimis & Leventhal, 2018). Young people who use e-cigarettes are at risk of mood and attention problems (NASEM, 2018) and are significantly more likely to start smoking conventional cigarettes (Barrington-Trimis & Leventhal, 2018). There is correlational evidence that young people exposed to more e-cigarette advertising are more likely to start smoking tobacco. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently restricted the marketing of flavored e-cigarettes to minors and is actively enforcing restrictions on retail and online sales to minors, small steps in the direction of protecting young people from the risks of smoking and limiting youth cigarette consumption portals (Barrington-Trimis and Leventhal, 2018).
Alcohol
Young people who begin drinking before the age of 15 are more likely to have poor academic performance, be involved in acts of violence, and be killed or injured in alcohol-related traffic accidents (Hingson & Zha, 2009; Marshall, 2014; World Health Organization, 2014). Between 2001 and 2009, young people's exposure to alcohol advertising on television increased by 71 percent (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Evidence on the impact of advertising on alcohol consumption among young people includes studies showing that those exposed to advertisements for specific brands of alcohol are more likely to consume that brand (Ross et al., 2014). However, experimental evidence on the impact of alcohol advertising on alcohol consumption among young people or predictors of their consumption remains limited.