Reference no: EM13159031

1. Explain how ATP is produced in the chloroplast, cytosol, and mitochondria.
2. What are the roles of ATP in metabolism, transport, cell reproduction and signaling? Give specific examples for each.
3. What are the different classes and subclasses of biomolecules found in the plasma membrane? Give one example for each class of membrane biomolecule, and identify the subclass of each example you gave.
4. Compare and contrast transport that occurs across the plasma membrane and transport that occurs across the nuclear membrane.
5. How are proteins in the secretory pathway targeted to different compartments in the cell?
6. Compare and contrast the control of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
7. Describe the structure, formation, and function of the three cytoskeletal elements.
8. What are the similarities and differences among the different stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) of mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II?
9. Explain the roles of GPCRs and RTKs in controlling glucose levels in the blood by describing the events that occur during glucagon and insulin signaling.
10. What are the similarities and differences between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
11. What are protein kinases and why are they important?
12. What are G proteins? Give examples of G proteins and describe their functions in the cell?
13. Describe the structure and function of different proteins found in the extracellular matrix.
14. What are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids?
15. Describe three different ways of regenerating NAD+ in the cytosol.
16. What are the different components of the electron transport chain and describe how electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen.
17. What is the role of integrins and cadherins in the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix and with other cells? What types of cell surface structures are they part of? How are these cell surface structures similar and different from one another?
18. How does the cell distinguish among proteins destined to the mitochondria, chloroplast, cytosol, peroxisome, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum?
19. Name the different motor proteins that associate with cytoskeletal elements and describe their functions.
20. What is chromatin? Describe the different types of chromatin and how they are formed.
21. What are histones? How are they modified? How does histone modification influence gene expression?
22. What are ubiquitin ligases? What are their roles in controlling gene expression and the cell cycle?
23. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?
24. What is the difference between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes? Give an example of each and describe their roles in carcinogenesis.
25. How can the study of the cell cycle and cell signaling help in the treatment of cancer?