Simultaneously exposed and not exposed to causal factor

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Reference no: EM133919959

Questions

1. The counterfactual concept involves what would have happened to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to a causal factor.

2. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates (deliberately varies) the independent variable.

3. A potential limitation of a crossover design is the risk of carryover effects from one condition to the next.

4. In a pretest-posttest design, a researcher collects outcome data from participants at least twice.

5. Experiments are always prospective.

6. Quasi-experimental and experimental designs have a common feature: an intervention.

7. The purpose of both experimental and correlational research is to study relationships between variables of interest.

8. A researcher would choose a nonexperimental design if ethical constraints prevented manipulation of the independent variable.

9. A major weakness of correlational research is the risk of making faulty inferences about causality from the results.

10. A heterogeneous (diverse) sample may negatively affect a study's internal validity but may enhance its external validity.

11. All probability sampling designs involve randomness in the selection process.

12. In a quantitative study, larger samples are more likely to represent the population on the attribute of interest than smaller samples.

13. If a researcher posted a recruitment notice for a study on a website, people who responded would comprise a convenience sample.

14. In quantitative studies, power analysis can be used to estimate the sample size needed to adequately test research hypotheses.

15. Response-set bias refers to a person's tendency to respond characteristically in a particular way, regardless of the item's content.

16. Measurement may be defined as the assignment of numbers to characteristics of objects or people according to specified rules.

17. Reliability refers to the extent to which an instrument measures the concept that the researcher thinks is being measured.

18. The reliability approach that could be used to assess the reliability of a biomarker is test-retest reliability.

19. Content validity is often assessed by the judgments of a panel of people with expertise on the target construct.

20. The type of validity assessment that involves comparisons with a "gold standard" is face validity.

Reference no: EM133919959

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