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Significance of cross-dependence and cross-tolerance

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Question 1: Explain the difference between tolerance and dependence. What symptoms occur during withdrawal syndrome?

Question 2: Briefly present the significance of cross-dependence and cross-tolerance. Why drug dependence and abuse are medical problems that require long-term treatment.

Question 3: Compare the mechanism of action of illicit drugs. Which ones are the most commonly used illegal drugs.

Question 4: Briefly explain why the administration of heroin intravenously can cause a surge of intense euphoria?

Question 5: Explain why overdose of depressant drugs can cause a medical emergency. What are withdrawal symptoms of abrupt discontinuation of depressants?

Question 6: Explain why overdose of hallucinogens is not a common problem. What are possible interactions with other drugs and what "flashbacks" can mean?

Question 7: Briefly explain why the chronic usage of alcohol can lead to ascites or hepatic failure development.

Question 8: Briefly explain why the metabolism of ethanol by the cytochrome P450 system can decrease rate of metabolism of some drugs when ethanol is present?

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