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Q1. Ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and acyclovir are used to treat microbial infections. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase. Erythromycin binds in front of the A site on the 50S subunit of a ribosome. Acyclovir is a guanine analog.
What steps in protein synthesis are inhibited by each drug? Which drug is more effectual against bacteria? Why?
Which drug is more successful against viruses? Why?
Which drugs will have effects on the host's cells? Why?
Utilize the index to identify the disease for which acyclovir is used. Why is it more effectual than erythromycin for treating this disease?
Q2. Explain physiological changes that occur in three different organ systems when food is ingested and how these systems coordinated a response in the human body.
Osmometer cells in the brain sense an increase in concentration of the blood plasma. They then notify the posterior pituitary gland to release the hormone, ADH. This hormone causes the kidney to save water that lowers the concentration of the plasma.
The endosymbiosis theory discusses that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by ancestors of current day eukaryotic cells.
The results of these experiments point to that plants can be genetically transformed for resistance to virus disease development. What is an expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia.
Without drawing detailed structures of intermediates and movement of electrons, describe how an aminotransferase chemical mechanism works.. That is, the nature of the second substrate and second product.
Chymotrypsin and trypsin cleave peptide bonds by virtually the same mechanism. Why does chymotrypsin cleave near residues like tyrosine, but trypsin does not?
Recognizes true statements of cholesterol and its fluidity. Cholesterol increases membrane fluidity that otherwise contains mainly long chain saturated fatty acids.
Arthropods are the most diverse group of animals. Describe some characteristics of arthropods that may have contributed to their great evolutionary success.
Utilize darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how a group of ancient mammals couple be the ancestors of a major new group of mammals, the cetaceans.
Explain why does nitrogenous waste build up in cellular fluids? Discuss the tradeoffs between water loss, energy efficiency and toxicity with the excretion of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
Calculate a person's arterial compliance if they have a systolic blood pressure of 139 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg, cardiac output of 6 L/min, and heart rate of 60 beats/min. Express the answer in ml/mmHg (to one decimal place).
Are the cells observed in your blood smear different that the bacterial cells found on yogurt slides? Why or why not?
If gametes from a gene pool combine randomly to make only a small number of zygotes, the allele frequencies among the zygotes may be different and discuss the founder effect
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