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Q. Most biologists believe that immune system's defense against infections largely rests on its ability to distinguish self molecules from nonself molecules. This concept seems central to our understanding of immune function. However, like all scientific ideas, it is not beyond question. Some immunologists have developed an alternative hypothesis: that the immune system's effectiveness rests mostly on its ability to recognize damage to the body tissues caused by the invaders, not on the ability to recognize nonself. If you were going to test the "damage" hypothesis what might you look for? Which sort of cell would you expect to be directly affected by damaged tissues? Why? Some proponents argue that the "damage" hypothesis makes more sense from an evolutionary perspective, claiming that it is more advantageous for an organism's defense system to respond to tissue damage than to the mere presence of a foreign microbe. Do you be in agreement? Why or why not?
A given gene (Gene X) is repressed in the blood cell lineage of mice, how you might test how this particular gene is repressed in this cellline
Explain the process of skeletal muscle contraction, starting from the efferent motor neuron's action potential, and ending with the relaxation of the muscle.
Utilize darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how a group of ancient mammals couple be the ancestors of a major new group of mammals, the cetaceans.
Nitrogen fixation represents a process by which atmospheric nitrogen is oxidized to make 2 ammonium ions.
Determine what would you expect when a subject ingests the hypo-osmotic, iso-osmotic, and hyper-osmotic solutions?
Cleavage of DNA with restriction enzymes provides landmarks and sequence information. How frequently are specific sites found? How many sites are expected? Does this change if the DNA is circular.
Describe what is occuring at each of the stages of transcription(1,2,3). How does each stage move the process forward.
You are interested in calculating the concordance for a trait of interest. You look at a total of 500 pairs of twins and find that of the 500 pairs, 125 pairs have ONE twin with the trait of interest and 50 pairs have BOTH twins with the trait of ..
Trace the pathway of blood through your body including the four chambers of the heart, four cardiac valves, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, lugs, artery, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
Describe principle behind various whole genome sequencing technologies. Describe application of one whole genome sequencing from literature for providing deeper insight into biological function.
If the VE of a trait decreases, what happens to the narrow-sense heritability? Explain your answer in terms of the equation VP = VA + VD + VI + VE + VGE
Which of the following are sources of spontaneous mutation?
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